<ul data-eligibleForWebStory="true"><li>A program is a code written by a programmer to solve a specific task and goes through a lifetime of steps.</li><li>A simple program like hello.c begins as a source file, represented in bits, and translated into machine language.</li><li>Computer systems consist of components like buses, I/O devices, main memory, and processors.</li><li>A processor executes instructions stored in memory, performs operations, and handles data.</li><li>Programs interact with the OS, which provides services and protects hardware from misuse.</li><li>Processes, threads, and virtual memory play vital roles in system operations and management.</li><li>Concurrency and parallelism speed up systems by executing multiple programs or instructions simultaneously.</li><li>In a unified I/O model, all devices are treated as files, enhancing system portability and usability.</li><li>Amdahl's Law explains the limits of speeding up processes within a system.</li><li>Modern processors support instruction-level and SIMD parallelism to optimize performance.</li></ul>

Computer systems

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