Cryptography is the art of secret messaging, turning messages into unreadable ciphertext until unlocked with the right key.
AES encryption uses 128, 192, or 256-bit keys, with AES-256 considered uncrackable via brute force.
Public-key encryption from the 1970s involves encrypting with a public key and decrypting with a private key, used in TLS, SSH, and PGP.
Cryptographic technologies like ECC, used in Bitcoin and Signal, provide security with smaller keys than RSA, while hash functions like SHA-256 create fixed-length fingerprints for data.