Database performance is influenced by several critical factors including item properties, operational factors, scale factors, and availability.Different workload types create unique challenges for database performance, including write-heavy, read-heavy, delete-heavy, and mixed workloads.Denormalization is a strategy to improve read performance by reducing the number of table joins needed.Database locking process ensures data consistency during concurrent operations by managing lock acquisition and lock management.Replication architecture provides scalability and reliability through leader and follower nodes.Sharding strategy distributes data across multiple databases using shard router and individual shards.Database indexing optimizes data retrieval using B-Tree structure and index management.Practical implementation considerations include performance monitoring, optimization selection, trade-off analysis, and future planning.