Using the formula v² = μ/r, the altitude of a satellite can be estimated based on its speed and standard gravitational parameter.
The apparent angular velocity of a satellite in an orbit can be calculated using the formula v/r = √(μ/r³), where v is the velocity and r is the orbit radius.
By subtracting the earth's angular velocity from the satellite's angular velocity, the apparent angular velocity from the perspective of an observer on the surface of the earth can be obtained.
To estimate the altitude of a satellite, its apparent angular velocity can be compared to the angular size of the moon or a region of space.