<ul data-eligibleForWebStory="true">JavaScript’s higher-order functions - map, filter, and reduce - enable concise, reusable, and expressive code for array manipulation.Higher-order functions accept functions as arguments or return them, enhancing modularity and abstraction in JavaScript.Map creates a new array by applying a callback function to each element, allowing for one-to-one transformations.Filter generates a new array with elements passing a specific test, ideal for conditional inclusion or subset selection.Reduce consolidates array elements into a single value, supporting various operations like sums and object building.Map, filter, and reduce can be combined for complex operations, showcasing their composability and versatility.Performance considerations include immutability for memory usage and reducing chaining overhead for optimization.Common pitfalls involve missing return values in map, complex conditions in filter, and accumulator mutations in reduce.Best practices recommend using arrow functions, naming callbacks descriptively, chaining methods logically, handling edge cases, and documenting complex operations.Real-world examples like managing a shopping cart demonstrate practical application of map, filter, and reduce for efficient array manipulation.