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How Ethereum Nodes Talk and Sync: Peer-to-Peer in Action

  • Ethereum is a peer-to-peer network where thousands of computers, called nodes, communicate using shared rules.
  • Ethereum nodes have two main parts: execution clients and consensus clients.
  • The Ethereum execution layer uses two main networking protocol stacks to keep the network running: Discovery Stack and DevP2P Stack.
  • When a new Ethereum node joins the network, it needs to find other nodes to connect with. This process is called discovery.
  • Bootnodes are special nodes with hardcoded addresses in Ethereum clients.
  • Ethereum nodes use peer discovery protocols to locate and connect with other nodes in the network.
  • RLPx is a key protocol in Ethereum's DevP2P stack that helps nodes connect and communicate securely.
  • After discovering peers, Ethereum nodes use the DevP2P stack starting with the RLPx protocol to establish secure communication.
  • The Ethereum consensus layer ensures that all Ethereum nodes agree on the state of the blockchain, keeping everything in sync.
  • In Ethereum's consensus layer, SSZ (Simple Serialization) is used instead of the usual RLP (Recursive Length Prefix) format.

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