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Innovations and Challenges in Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Design, Control Systems, Batteries, and Thermal Management
- Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) offer a solution to the automotive industry by combining conventional internal combustion engines and electric propulsion systems to achieve superior fuel efficiency and reduce emissions.
- HEVs consist of critical components, including ICE, electric motors, and a sophisticated power electronics controller, all contributing to the vehicle's operational efficiency.
- Control systems in HEVs are pivotal in ensuring seamless operation across diverse driving conditions, categorized into rule-based and optimization-based systems, each offering distinct strategies for vehicle performance management.
- Battery systems in HEVs, predominantly nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) and lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, are integral to vehicle performance and efficiency, with Li-ion batteries offering advantages in energy density, lifecycle, and power output.
- Battery management systems (BMS) are critical components in both electric and hybrid electric vehicles ensuring the safe and reliable operation of the battery.
- Sophisticated thermal management systems are essential to maintaining optimal temperature ranges for the battery and power electronics, enhancing performance and longevity.
- HEVs offer significant environmental and economic benefits, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing fuel efficiency, despite higher initial costs.
- Challenges such as infrastructure gaps, integration complexities, and public adoption barriers are addressed alongside future trends in electrification and hybrid system advancements.
- Air conditioning (AC) systems play a significant role in cooling batteries and electronics, and their maintenance is becoming increasingly important in hybrid electric vehicles.
- The balanced coexistence between conventional and electric energy in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) requires continuous innovation to address challenges and enhance sustainability.
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