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Mastering Java Memory Management: A Comprehensive Guide to JVM Internals, Garbage Collection, and Optimization
- Java's memory management system is crucial for performance and reliability, abstracting low-level memory operations and offering automated memory allocation and garbage collection.
- The Java Memory Model (JMM) defines how threads interact through memory, with main memory shared among threads and each thread having its working memory.
- JMM issues like stale reads and race conditions are handled using synchronization primitives like synchronized blocks, volatile variables, and happens-before relationships.
- Understanding JMM is essential for writing correct and thread-safe Java programs, avoiding concurrency pitfalls, and improving code consistency.
- The structure of JVM memory includes Heap (Young & Old Generation), Stack, Program Counter Register, Method Area (Metaspace), and Native Method Stack.
- Understanding JVM memory segmentation enables efficient resource management and optimizations like generational garbage collection and class-loading strategies.
- The object lifecycle from creation to disposal follows a pattern of allocation in Eden space, survival in Survivor spaces, and promotion to the Old Generation based on reachability.
- Garbage collection in Java automates memory reclamation, with strategies like generational garbage collection dividing the heap and optimizing memory usage.
- Types of Java garbage collectors like Serial, Parallel, CMS, G1, ZGC, and Shenandoah cater to different workload requirements, from simple to real-time applications.
- Tuning JVM memory parameters (heap sizes, generation ratios, collector algorithms) is crucial for optimizing performance, throughput, and latency.
- Memory leaks in Java can occur despite garbage collection, often due to static fields, event listeners, thread-local variables, or leaking classloaders.
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