Measuring temperature without a thermometer can be achieved using calorimetric method.
The principle involves heating up an object of known mass and composition with a high temperature flame.
By measuring the temperature change of water after the object is submerged, the original temperature of the object can be calculated.
The method demonstrated in the video estimates the flame temperature to be about 600°C, although typical natural gas-powered burners reach temperatures around 1,500°C.