Neural networks are computational models mimicking human brain neurons, forming the backbone of modern AI and deep learning.They consist of layers of interconnected artificial neurons processing data through weighted connections, learning from experience.Neural networks operate through forward propagation and backpropagation, adjusting weights to enhance accuracy over time.The network comprises input, hidden, and output layers, each with specific functions in data processing and learning.Activation functions like sigmoid, ReLU, and softmax introduce non-linearity and aid in learning complex patterns.Training algorithms optimize network parameters based on input data, emphasizing the importance of high-quality datasets.Feedforward neural networks flow data from input to output without feedback loops, suitable for structured data tasks.Convolutional neural networks excel in image processing, utilizing convolutional, pooling, and fully connected layers for pattern recognition.Recurrent neural networks specialize in sequential data tasks, addressing time dependencies through recurrent connections.LSTMs and GRUs improve upon standard RNNs by handling long-term dependencies more effectively.