<ul><li>Extracting a common abstract class to improve class hierarchy</li><li>Addresses issues like duplicate code, inappropriate inheritance, shotgun surgery, big class, feature envy, and high coupling</li><li>Steps involved: identify common behaviors, create an abstract class, move common logic to abstract class, update subclasses to inherit from the abstract class</li><li>Benefits include reducing duplication, simplifying maintenance, and improving extendability</li></ul>

Refactoring 022 - Extract Common Ancestor

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