<ul><li>Researchers in Germany modeled 54 indirect-expansion solar-assisted heat pump systems using photovoltaic-thermal panels for single-family homes in Munich, Berlin, and Hamburg.</li><li>Energy, economic, and environmental assessments of the 54 configurations found that only two showed positive net present values and acceptable payback periods.</li><li>The systems used different refrigerants and configurations, with a focus on maximizing solar energy coverage for heating and electricity demand.</li><li>High-performance designs using R32 and propane refrigerants were identified as viable investments with positive net present value and lower payback time compared to other technologies.</li></ul>

Testing 54 different combinations of solar-assisted heat pumps

Discover more