<ul><li>Encryption transforms readable data into unreadable data and ensures confidentiality.</li><li>Hashing produces a fixed-length 'fingerprint' of data for data integrity verification.</li><li>Digital signatures ensure authenticity and integrity of digital documents or messages.</li><li>Digital certificates associate public keys with identity and are signed by trusted Certificate Authorities.</li></ul>

Understanding Secure Communication with Encryption, Hashing, Digital Signatures, and Certificates

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