Transaction monitoring systems are crucial in AML compliance, helping detect suspicious financial activities like money laundering and fraud.These systems analyze customer transactions in real time or batch mode using predefined rules or machine learning algorithms.Key components include data integration, customer profiling, rules engine, machine learning, alert management, and reporting.Challenges include high false positive rates, data quality issues, evolving threats, regulatory complexity, and explainability of AI models.Innovations in transaction monitoring include hybrid models, graph analytics, real-time monitoring, adaptive learning systems, and privacy-preserving techniques.Graph analytics help uncover hidden money laundering networks, while real-time monitoring allows faster responses to suspicious activities.Adaptive learning systems continuously refine alert accuracy, and privacy-preserving techniques maintain data privacy in AML efforts.Modernizing AML infrastructure with machine learning and real-time processing can lead to smarter and more accurate transaction monitoring.Financial institutions investing in these technologies can strengthen their defenses and enhance trust with regulators and customers.Transaction monitoring systems play a critical role in AML compliance and are evolving to meet the growing sophistication of financial crime.