Users and groups are managed in FreeBSD through the pw command. The adduser command is a wrapper around pw that provides an interactive way to create users. FreeBSD has a concept of login classes, which are used to set up user environments and optionally put restrictions on resource usage.
Login classes are defined in /etc/login.conf. Normal users are not allowed to read /etc/master.passwd but can get basic account information out of /etc/passwd. If you check /etc/passwd on a FreeBSD system, you'll see the hashed passwords. In adduser, the command created a new ZFS file system for the user.
The login access control table in FreeBSD is similar to PostgreSQL's pg_hba.conf. It can define who, from where, networked or not, is either accepted to login or not. The access control table can be found in /etc/login.access on FreeBSD.