Association in SQL involves Cartesian product and filtering, similar to Python.EsProc SPL defines association differently, involving foreign key and primary key association.SPL's foreign key association is about associating regular fields with primary keys of another table.SPL treats foreign keys as objects, enabling direct access to related table fields.Primary key association in SPL involves matching record objects, making it more intuitive.SPL offers a more natural and error-resistant approach compared to SQL and Python.SQL requires explicit specification and recalculations for each association.Python's association results can be cumbersome due to wide tables.SPL's approach to association is more flexible and suitable for complex computations.SQL and Python are prone to errors in many-to-many association scenarios, unlike SPL.