<ul><li>Mathematics is not just a supporting tool for machine learning — it is the language in which these models are written, trained, and understood.</li><li>Linear algebra provides the framework for representing and manipulating data in machine learning.</li><li>Calculus, particularly differential calculus, underpins the learning process in ML by optimizing model parameters.</li><li>Probability, statistics, and optimization are also essential mathematical domains in machine learning.</li></ul>

Mathematics Behind Machine Learning: The Hidden Engine of AI

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