Shoulder surfing is a scam where scammers observe or record a person's PIN when they enter it at an ATM, typically by standing close, using hidden cameras, or installing tiny cameras at the ATM.
Other common ATM card scams include card skimming, where criminals attach devices to ATM machines to capture card information, card trapping where the card slot is tampered with to trap the user's card, and cash trapping where a device is placed in the cash dispenser slot to hold the dispensed cash.
Precautions to protect yourself include being vigilant, covering the keypad, checking for suspicious devices, and monitoring bank statements for unauthorized activity.