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This AI chip is the size of a grain of salt

Researchers at China’s University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST) have developed a microscopic AI chip that uses light physics to analyze data.
The artificial intelligence chip is only the size of a grain of salt and operates on a fraction of the energy required by current equipment.
The chip is based on an all-optical diffractive deep neural network that uses patterned, 3D-printed layers of passive components to perform complex computations using photons of light.
While the technology is not yet perfected, the researchers believe it has the potential to provide unprecedented functionalities in various fields.

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Physicsworld

211

Image Credit: Physicsworld

Quantum simulators deliver surprising insights into magnetic phase transitions

Unexpected behaviour at phase transitions between classical and quantum magnetism has been observed in different quantum simulators operated by two independent groups.
One investigation was led by researchers at Harvard University and used Rydberg atom as quantum bits (qubits).
The other study was led by scientists at Google Research and involved superconducting qubits.
Both projects revealed unexpected deviations from the canonical mechanisms of magnetic freezing, with unexpected oscillations near the phase transition.
In their work, Lukin and colleagues utilized a highly reconfigurable platform using Rydberg atom qubits.
The Google-led study used a new approach to quantum simulation with superconducting qubits.
Both groups are now seeking to push their research deeper into the exploration of complex many-body quantum physics.
The research is described in side-by-side papers in Nature.

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Sciencenewsforstudents

165

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Eyelashes help fling water from our eyes

Eyelashes have the ability to fling water away from the eyes, helping to keep vision clear.
The structure of eyelashes, with scales that overlap like shingles, acts like a 'micro-ratchet', allowing water to flow easily from root to tip but not the other way round.
Eyelashes are hydrophobic, causing water to bead up on them and roll off.
The newfound effect of eyelashes flicking water could help keep vision clear in various situations such as being in the rain, bathing, sweating, or crying.

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Hobbieroth

280

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The Air They Breathe

The Air They Breathe by Debra Hendrickson highlights how climate change is harming her young patients today
Burning fossil fuels and forest fires caused by climate change can cause bad air that worsens the breathing problems of children, especially those with asthma
Extreme heat can cause heatstroke in children such as infant left in hot cars and high school football players who practice in the extreme heat
Trauma and post traumatic stress disorder can occur in children who experience disasters caused by climate change
Infectious diseases like malaria caused by an increase in mosquitoes are becoming more common with global warming
Natural disasters such as 100-year floods and Category 4 hurricanes are growing more severe and frequent with each passing year
The Air They Breathe clearly portrays that healthcare and climate change are intertwined and not separate issues
This is not merely a problem that we will face in the coming decades, it's happening now, and this book is a call to action
It motivates the readers to make more efforts to address global warming as ‘The only heroes our children have are us’

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Physicsworld

211

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Supermassive black hole displays ‘unprecedented’ X-ray outbursts

An international team of researchers has detected significant X-ray oscillations near the innermost orbit of a supermassive black hole.
The extreme supermassive black hole 1ES 1927+654, located 270 million light years away, displayed rapid X-ray variability and underwent a period of undetectability for about a month before becoming the brightest supermassive black hole in the X-ray sky.
The period of the oscillations rapidly changed from around 18 minutes in 2022 to around seven minutes in 2024, which is an unprecedented finding among similar supermassive black holes.
The study suggests that the rapid X-ray period change could be driven by a white dwarf orbiting close to the supermassive black hole, raising the possibility of detecting gravitational wave signals in future.

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Brighter Side of News

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Light exists in 37 dimensions, challenging the limits of quantum mechanics

A team of physicists has measured a pulse of light in 37 dimensions, pushing past classical expectations and challenging assumptions about the nature of reality.
The Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) paradox provides a mathematical framework demonstrating that local realism cannot fully describe quantum systems. The research team amplified quantum nonlocality to an extreme, demonstrating that quantum systems could break the very foundation of classical reasoning.
Using high-speed electro-optical modulation and time-bin encoding, the researchers precisely controlled and measured the photonic states.
The experiment showed that the relationship between entangled particles was so deeply nonlocal, and their correlations could not be explained by any hidden variables.
By proving that a three-context GHZ paradox can exist in a 37-dimensional space, the researchers established new constraints on the nature of quantum systems.
Their findings suggest that quantum computing could leverage such extreme nonclassicality to achieve even greater efficiency and processing power.
This study has major implications for quantum computing and processing.
The study asks questions about why we humans experience reality in classical terms despite the universe behaving in deeply nonclassical ways at the quantum level.
New experiments will likely expand beyond 37 dimensions, pushing even further into the unknown.
The quantum world may hold even greater surprises beneath the surface.

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Physicsworld

376

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How the changing environment affects solar-panel efficiency: the Indian perspective

The podcast discusses how the changing environment affects solar-panel efficiency with a focus on the Indian perspective.
India needs to increase its solar-energy capacity as part of its efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Aerosol pollution is causing a decline in solar radiation in India, impacting solar-cell efficiency.
The podcast explores the implications of climate change and suggests ways to mitigate its effects on solar energy generation.

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Physicsworld

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Asteroid Bennu contains the stuff of life, sample analysis reveals

Samples taken from 101955 Bennu, an asteroid from the Asteroid Belt were found to contain a diverse range of salt minerals and water-bearing sodium carbonates leading researchers to conclude that Bennu could have delivered the essential building blocks of life to Earth during the formation of the Solar System.
The minerals that served as templates for organic molecules precipitated from the parent body’s liquid water that was heated by the radioactive decay of aluminium-26, a heat source that has since dissipated.
Contrary to previous beliefs, new studies show that the amino acids in Bennu's sample are a mix of left- and right-handed forms. This further deepens the mystery of why all life on earth uses left-handed amino acids
Researchers also found that nucleobases were present in the samples, however, neither RNA or DNA have been found in any extraterrestrial sample yet.
Astrobiologists could use the samples to answer the question of whether biological cells, proteins, or RNA formed in the early solar system within celestial objects such as Bennu's parent planetesimal or if complex biochemistry only began on Earth once the materials had been delivered from space.
The findings also raise uncertainty regarding why the organic chemistry on Bennu's parent body reached a certain point and then stopped, rather than forming more complex organic molecules or even life.
Researchers still search for more complex chemistry while continuing to study the available samples in a controlled environment.
More samples will be taken soon by the Tianwen-2 team in an upcoming mission to capture a 100-gram sample from the small near-Earth asteroid 469219 Kamo'alewa.
Learning about and eventually being able to replicate the formation of life will have large implications for astrobiologists and their understanding of the origin of life on Earth.

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Physicsworld

317

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International quantum year launches in style at UNESCO headquarters in Paris

More than 800 researchers, policy makers, and government officials gathered in Paris to attend the launch of the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology (IYQ).
The event included contributions from four Nobel prize-winning physicists - Alain Aspect, Serge Haroche, Anne l'Huillier, and William Phillips.
The IYQ aims to make quantum science accessible to all, to spread the benefits of quantum technology globally.
The launch highlighted the promises of the second quantum revolution, emphasizing the need for international cooperation and investment.

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Nytimes

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The Physics That Keeps a Crowd From Becoming a Stampede

Physicist Denis Bartolo and his colleagues have studied the spontaneous motion of large crowds in a confined space.
By filming and analyzing the San Fermín festival, Bartolo aims to prevent stampedes in future events.
It may be possible to predict crowd movements once the density of people crosses a critical threshold.
Studying crowds is challenging due to safety concerns, but predictable events like San Fermín offer valuable research opportunities.

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Physicsworld

220

Image Credit: Physicsworld

Spacewoman: trailblazing astronaut Eileen Collins makes for a compelling and thoughtful documentary subject

Eileen Collins features in Spacewoman; a documentary that skilfully traces the astronaut's life from her childhood to her status as a trailblazing spaceflight pioneer. Encounters with family, former colleagues and footage from the time, recount Collins' achievements and sacrifices. Director, Hannah Berryman, concentrates the film on the four key missions defining Collins' work at NASA, with candid interviews from colleagues and missions displaying the precision and haphazardness of space travel. Collins' experienced the birth of her daughter, shortly after her first space mission, whose memories, devastatingly include Collins' explanation of the Challenger space craft explosion.
Spacewoman forges a balance of the personal and technical achievements of Eileen Collins. Collins' excelled in a male-dominated world of aviation and space exploration. The film celebrates moments of wonder, too, with Collins describing her first sunrise from space or recalling the chocolate shuttles she brought as gifts for the Mir cosmonauts. Collins unsurprisingly proves central to many of the film's most inspiring scenes and the documentary is a comprehensive must-watch for fans of history and space travel.
Director Hannah Berryman wisely toggles focus through Collins' life's legs, notably, Collins' final mission STS-114, where the film's intensity rises with the mission teetering on the brink of disaster, due to issues readily apparent to the non-space initiation. It is an energetic moment in the film borne from a compelling topic and talented cast.
Spacewoman addresses a profound question in the pursuit of human progress: how much risk is acceptable? This film suggests those committed to something greater than themselves are willing to risk everything. Collins' career embodies this ethos, defined by an unshakeable resolve, even in the face of overwhelming odds.
The documentary screened at the DOC NYC festival in 2024 and is due for release in 2025. Spacewoman is more than a tribute to a trailblazer; it's a testament to human perseverance, curiosity and courage. Berryman finds a gripping, deeply personal narrative that will resonate with audiences globally.

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Physicsworld

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Introducing the Echo-5Q: a collaboration between FormFactor, Tabor Quantum Systems and QuantWare

The Echo-5Q is an industry collaboration between FormFactor, Tabor Quantum Systems, and QuantWare.
It is an out-of-the-box solution, providing a full-stack quantum computing system.
The Echo-5Q is designed to increase accessibility to on-site quantum computing.
The collaboration aims to democratize access to quantum devices for education, academic research, and start-ups.

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Physicsworld

234

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Tissue-like hydrogel semiconductors show promise for next-generation bioelectronics

Researchers at the University of Chicago’s Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering have created a groundbreaking hydrogel that doubles as a semiconductor.
The material combines the soft, flexible properties of biological tissues with the electronic capabilities of semiconductors, making it ideal for advanced medical devices.
The research team, led by Sihong Wang, developed a stretchy, jelly-like material that provides the robust semiconducting properties necessary for use in devices such as pacemakers, biosensors and drug delivery systems.
Hydrogels are ideal for many biomedical applications because they are soft, flexible and water-absorbent – just like human tissues.
The result is a hydrogel semiconductor material that’s soft enough to match the feel of human tissue.
This material mimics the flexibility and softness of living tissue.
The potential applications extend beyond implanted devices. The material’s high hydration and porosity enable efficient volumetric biosensing and mass transport throughout the entire thickness of the semiconducting layer, which is useful for biosensing, tissue engineering and drug delivery applications.
The hydrogel also responds to light effectively, opening up possibilities for light-controlled therapies, such as light-activated wireless pacemakers or wound dressings that use heat to accelerate healing.
The material is being commercialized through UChicago’s Polsky Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation.
This class of semiconductor hydrogels could act as next-generation interfaces between human tissues and bioelectronic devices, from sensors to tailored drug-delivery systems.

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Minis

1.3k

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OpenAI rolls out ChatGPT plugins, search and discover like never before

OpenAI has introduced ChatGPT plugins, a way to extend the scope of its chatbot language model. Plugins allow people to enter text commands, via typing or speech recognition, and have ChatGPT formulate a response using data from third-party services.
If this can be done accurately and quickly, without excessive cost, OpenAI may have found the successor of traditional web search.

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