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Multi-gate-Mixture-of-Experts (MMoE) model architecture and knowledge distillation in Ads…

Multi-gate Mixture-of-Experts (MMoE) model architecture is a powerful neural network model design that dynamically allocates resources to experts based on input, enhancing efficiency and specialization.
MMoE promotes better generalization and performance by allowing the model to learn specialized features through various experts, improving pattern capturing and task accuracy.
The model architecture suits complex tasks like ads-user matching and multitask learning, offering flexibility and efficiency in neural network modeling.
Knowledge distillation is proposed to enhance model performance further by transferring knowledge from production models to experimental ones.
Infrastructure cost reduction techniques for MMoE implementation include mixed precision inference and lightweight gate layers.
Knowledge distillation helps experimental models learn from deleted data, improving offline and online performance, especially for ads engagement modeling.
By leveraging MMoE architecture and knowledge distillation, Pinterest achieved significant improvements in offline and online metrics for engagement ranking.
Collaboration across multiple Pinterest teams resulted in successful implementation of advanced model architectures and techniques for ad recommendations.
MMoE, combined with knowledge distillation, proves effective in handling complex tasks and mitigating challenges related to short data retention periods in modeling.
The collaboration and innovations showcased in this work reinforce Pinterest’s commitment to delivering personalized and inspiring recommendations for its users.
The research demonstrates the effectiveness of MMoE and knowledge distillation in improving model performance and addressing data-related challenges in ad engagement modeling.

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Physicsworld

315

Image Credit: Physicsworld

Light-activated pacemaker is smaller than a grain of rice

Scientists have developed the world's smallest pacemaker, smaller than a grain of rice, which is optically controlled and dissolves in the body after use.
The pacemaker could be used in human hearts of all sizes, including those of newborn babies with congenital heart defects.
The tiny pacemaker can be placed on the heart and stimulated with a soft, gentle, wearable device, eliminating the need for additional surgery.
The dissolvable pacemaker reduces the risks associated with traditional pacemakers and eliminates the need for bulky batteries and wires.

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Fyfluiddynamics

239

Hot Droplets Bounce

In the Leidenfrost effect, room-temperature droplets bounce and skitter off a hot surface.
A layer of vapor cushions the droplets, insulating them from the hot surface.
Hot and burning droplets can bounce off a room-temperature surface without vaporization.
The bottom of the falling drop cools faster, increasing surface tension and creating a cushioning air layer for self-lubricating bouncing.

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Physicsworld

Image Credit: Physicsworld

Harvard University sues Trump administration as attacks on US science deepen

Harvard University is suing the Trump administration over its plan to block up to $9bn of government research grants, citing violations of academic freedom.
The administration's demands include reforming governance, diversity programs, hiring practices, and recruiting international students.
Harvard decided to sue after failed negotiations with the administration over the blocked funds.
The administration is also planning significant cuts to government science agencies, including NASA and NOAA.
Proposed budget cuts could nearly halve funding for NASA's Science Mission Directorate and impact key missions like the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope.
The Trump administration's hostility towards climate science and research is criticized for potentially derailing weather forecasting capabilities.
The National Science Foundation may face cuts for major building projects and a reduction in graduate students in its research fellowship program.
Nearly half of surveyed department chairs at US institutions anticipate cuts in federal funding, with impacts on physics and astronomy graduate programs.
The survey suggests a 13% drop in first-year graduate students in physics and astronomy in the next enrolment.

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Physicsworld

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Spectacular images of the cosmos released to celebrate Hubble’s 35 years in orbit

A series of spectacular images of the cosmos has been released to celebrate the Hubble Space Telescope's 35 years in space.
Hubble was launched in April 1990, and despite initial difficulties with its primary mirror, it has made nearly 1.7 million observations and produced over 22,000 papers and 1.3 million citations.
Hubble's observations have included changes in our solar system, black-hole jets, stellar convulsions, asteroid collisions, and expanding supernova bubbles.
Hubble continues to be highly sought after, with demand for observing time oversubscribed by 6:1, and its longevity is a testament to the value of flagship observatories.

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Physicsworld

347

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Speedy worms behave like active polymers in disordered mazes

Worms move faster in a disordered environment with randomly-placed obstacles than in empty space.
Physicists at the University of Amsterdam model worms as polymer-like 'active matter', applying the concept to the development of robots for biomedical applications.
In disordered environments, worms spread faster as crowding increases, while in ordered environments, more obstacles slow them down.
The study could have implications for soil aeration, fertility treatments, and optimization of other biomedical applications.

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Knowridge

431

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Scientists use new microscope to watch atoms dance in twisted graphene

Scientists at the Weizmann Institute of Science have developed a powerful new microscope, cryogenic Quantum Twisting Microscope (QTM), to observe atoms and electrons in twisted graphene.
The QTM enables scientists to study how electrons interact with phonons, vibrations in materials that have a significant impact on conductivity and superconductivity.
During experiments with the QTM, researchers discovered a special kind of low-energy vibration called a 'phason' that is strongly linked to electrons in twisted graphene.
This breakthrough microscope has the potential to advance our understanding of quantum materials and contribute to the development of quantum technologies.

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Nytimes

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The Physics of Perfect Pour-Over Coffee

Physicists at the University of Pennsylvania studied how to optimize the pour in a pour-over coffee.
Their findings suggest pouring high, slow, and with a steady stream of water for the greatest extraction and enhanced flavor.
These science-backed tips can improve the coffee's taste without using extra beans or increasing the cost.
This study demonstrates how kitchen science can inspire new scientific directions and enhance the art of cuisine.

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Physicsworld

289

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Superconducting device delivers ultrafast changes in magnetic field

Researchers in Germany have achieved precise control over the generation of ultrafast changes in magnetic fields called 'magnetic steps', using ultrashort laser pulses and superconducting discs.
Magnetic steps rise to peak intensity in just a few picoseconds and provide fundamental insights into non-equilibrium properties of magnetic materials.
The team developed a technique involving the disruption of supercurrents in a superconductor to create magnetic steps and demonstrated their ability to control the magnetization of a ferrimagnet.
Further improvements could lead to applications such as phase transition control and complete switching of magnetic order parameters.

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Physicsworld

275

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How to support colleagues who are dealing with personal issues

Academia often faces issues such as anxiety, burnout, and mental-health concerns among students and early-career academics.
Approaching someone with a problem in academia can be challenging, and it is essential to listen and act appropriately when someone opens up.
Setting boundaries is crucial when supporting colleagues, including determining off-limit topics and time restrictions.
Being prepared to offer help to colleagues in complex situations is vital, even without formal training.
Maintaining confidentiality and trust is important when colleagues confide in you about personal issues.
Breaking confidentiality may be necessary in certain situations, but it should be done with care and with a concrete solution in mind.
Following up with individuals who have shared their problems shows respect and support, even if the issue has been referred to someone else.
A follow-up conversation can help individuals feel heard and may be held in a discreet environment with reassurance.
Regularly reflecting on boundaries, resources, and being the person you would want to speak to when struggling can help provide effective support.
Supporting colleagues dealing with personal issues in academia involves empathy, setting boundaries, and maintaining trust and confidentiality.

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Physicsworld

Image Credit: Physicsworld

FLIR MIX – a breakthrough in infrared and visible imaging

FLIR MIX is a game changer, capturing and synchronizing high-speed thermal and visible imagery at up to 1000 fps.
Visible and infrared cameras with FLIR Research Studio software work together to deliver one data set with perfect spatial and temporal alignment.
No missed details or second guessing, just a complete picture of fast-moving events.
FLIR MIX is a breakthrough in infrared and visible imaging.

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Physicsworld

143

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Dual-robot radiotherapy system designed to reduce the cost of cancer treatment

Researchers at the University of Victoria are developing a low-cost radiotherapy system called KOALA for low- and middle-income countries and remote regions.
KOALA is designed to optimize and deliver radiation treatments in a single session using a dual-robot system.
Initial testing showed promising results with good agreement on dosimetric tests and X-ray spectra.
The system aims to reduce costs by using low-energy kilovoltage X-rays and innovative designs for components like the iris collimator.
KOALA demonstrated excellent geometrical accuracy and is being further refined for clinical commercialization.
The team is working on improving CBCT imaging quality, developing quality assurance protocols, and collaborating with veterinarians to test the system on dogs with cancer.
The goal is to make cancer treatment more accessible, especially in low-resource settings where conventional radiotherapy may be insufficient.
The collaborative effort involves researchers, medical device manufacturers, and industrial partners to bring the system to fruition.
By utilizing kilovoltage X-rays and cost-effective designs, the KOALA system presents a more affordable alternative to conventional radiotherapy.
The team's focus is on not only cost reduction but also enhancing treatment capabilities for a wider population in need.
The potential of the system lies in its ability to provide effective cancer treatment where resources are limited and conventional options are not readily available.

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Sciencenewsforstudents

Image Credit: Sciencenewsforstudents

Physics finally explains the sound of clapping

Scientists have finally figured out the physics behind the sound of hand-clapping.
Hand-clapping is a form of Helmholtz resonance, similar to blowing across the top of an empty bottle.
Experiments using baby powder confirmed that clapping hands act as Helmholtz resonators.
Understanding the physics of hand-clapping has potential applications in areas such as biometrics and music.

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Knowridge

Image Credit: Knowridge

Why Webb may never be able to find evidence of life on another world

The discovery on exoplanet K2-18b implies potential evidence of life, as revealed by the JWST detecting certain atmospheric chemicals linked to living organisms on Earth.
Researchers caution that these findings do not confirm the existence of life, only the presence of chemicals suggesting its possibility.
The JWST aims to contribute to understanding planetary systems and the origins of life, although definitive biosignature identification poses challenges.
The difficulty lies in JWST's limitations in detecting conclusive biosignatures, with uncertainty surrounding the telescope's actual capabilities.
The telescope's primary role may lie in enhancing knowledge of exoplanets and their atmospheres rather than identifying definitive signs of life.
JWST's transmission spectroscopy faces hurdles like starlight contamination and data retrieval complexity, leading to skepticism about detecting a clear 'silver bullet' biosignature gas.
Transmission spectroscopy on rocky or sub-Neptune exoplanets around M dwarfs presents challenges due to stellar activity introducing noise in signal detection.
Interpreting transmission spectroscopy signals for planetary properties, habitability, and life presence remains intricate and subject to refinement.
Authors stress the complexity of deriving reliable biosignature detections and suggest that JWST may never definitively identify a biosignature gas on an exoplanet.
While the JWST may not conclusively prove the presence of biosignatures, it aids in advancing the understanding of exoplanets and their atmospheres.
The JWST's continuous observations and data acquisition will contribute to the ongoing exploration of potential biosignature candidates in exoplanet atmospheres.

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Physicsworld

Image Credit: Physicsworld

Supercritical water reveals its secrets

Water does not form hydrogen bonds in its supercritical phase, according to new research.
Supercritical water is a unique phase that shares properties of both gases and liquids.
Understanding supercritical water is important for studying geochemical processes, like deep-sea vents and hydrothermal vents.
Supercritical water shows potential as an environmentally friendly solvent and in industrial processes.

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