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Physicsworld

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Nuclear shapes revealed in high-energy collisions

Scientists in the STAR Collaboration have developed an innovative approach to investigate the shapes of atomic nuclei by colliding them at near-light-speed in particle accelerators like the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and LHC.
Their approach offers unprecedented insight into nuclear structure and can deepen our understanding of strong nuclear forces and their role in the composition of neutron stars and evolution of the early universe.
Scientists historically relied on two methods to learn about nuclear shapes, which mostly provided an averaged image of the nucleus and missed finer details.
The new method involves smashing nuclei together at extremely high energies and analysing collision products to provide a more detailed snapshot of nuclear shape.
By studying the speeds and angles at which particles are ejected, scientists can infer the shape of colliding nuclei.
The initial success of this new method paves the way for more extensive applications, especially with nuclei whose shapes are not as well understood.
Moreover, this technique could enhance our understanding of the quark-gluon plasma, a state of matter found in the cores of neutron stars and in the universe’s earliest moments.
The approach holds potential for exploring finer details beyond the basic prolate or oblate figures, such as capturing rapid, transient fluctuations in soft nuclei.
The researchers compared the findings with well-established techniques on nuclei with well-known shapes, validating the precision of this high-energy method.
The technique could reveal complex triaxial shapes, offering unprecedented insights into the dynamic interactions among nucleons.

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COSMOS

399

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How surface electrons could help nano fabrication

Electron imaging has captured the atomic structure of the outermost layer of electrons on a material's surface.
Understanding the structure of surface atoms is useful for engineers and chemists.
The research could aid in fabrication, growth, and controlling electronic and mechanical properties of nano-scale materials.
The imaging revealed honeycomb-like structures and distinct atomic arrangements in the surface and second layer.

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Knowridge

399

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Scientists develop revolutionary method to create quantum gas 100 times faster

Scientists at National Taiwan University have developed a revolutionary technique for creating quantum gases.
The new method, published in Nature Physics, is nearly 100% efficient and approximately 100 times faster than traditional techniques.
By using lasers to trap atoms in a three-dimensional optical lattice and applying electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) alongside adiabatic expansion, the researchers rapidly cooled the atoms to form a quantum gas.
This breakthrough not only enhances the efficiency of creating quantum gases, but also provides new insights into quantum behavior, advancing research in many-body physics and quantum simulations.

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Brighter Side of News

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Time may be an illusion, new study finds

Time may be an illusion stemming from quantum entanglement, according to a new study. This idea presents a fresh perspective on the longstanding issue physicists face: the inconsistency of time in our best theories of the universe, which hinders the quest for a unified “theory of everything.” Researchers propose that time is a result of quantum entanglement, the mysterious connection between particles separated by vast distances.
In quantum mechanics, time is a fixed phenomenon, an unchanging flow from past to present. Conversely, Einstein’s theory of general relativity depicts time as intertwined with space, capable of warping and dilating under high speeds or strong gravitational fields. To address this, the researchers revisited the Page and Wootters mechanism, a theory proposed in 1983 suggesting that time emerges through quantum entanglement. In an unentangled system, time does not exist, and the universe appears frozen and unchanging.
Applying this mechanism to two entangled but noninteracting theoretical quantum states—a vibrating harmonic oscillator and a set of tiny magnets acting as a clock—the researchers found their system aligned with the Schrödinger equation, which predicts the behavior of quantum objects. The equations simplified into those used in classical physics, suggesting that time’s flow is a consequence of entanglement even on large scales.
Despite the intriguing possibilities, other physicists urge caution. They find the idea of the Page and Wootters mechanism fascinating but note that it has yet to produce testable results.
Despite these doubts, building theories of time from quantum mechanics might still be a promising approach, provided they can be validated through experiments. This new perspective on time as an emergent property from quantum entanglement could open up new avenues for understanding the universe.
However, it remains crucial to develop these theories in ways that can be experimentally tested to bridge the gap between quantum mechanics and general relativity.

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Medium

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How will quantum computing affect us ? The butterfly effect or a new revolution in CS ?

Quantum computers use qubits instead of binary bits, allowing them to exist in superpositions of states.
Qubits can explore multiple possibilities simultaneously, leading to a higher probability of success in certain calculations.
Quantum computers are not meant to replace everyday computers but to perform large-scale calculations more efficiently.
The impact of quantum computing can be significant, particularly in fields like encryption and decryption algorithms.

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Medium

385

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A-Eye Web Chat Assistant: Voice and Vision Web AI Chrome Extension for Inclusive Browsing

A-Eye Web Chat Assistant is a client-side Chrome extension designed to help visually impaired users browse the web via voice and vision AI.
GeProVIs AI Screen Reader, the team's previous project, garnered significant praise but faced several limitations, including web security, cost, and privacy concerns.
A-Eye Web Chat Assistant is a more comprehensive solution that relies on Web AI and Google's Gemini for web browsing with superior accuracy and privacy-first security.
The extension provides real-time descriptions of images, conversation management, and dual AI models along with cross-platform compatibility and ease of use.
Users can chat with the extension with voice commands, while speech synthesis technology via Web Speech API read out responses.
The tool also uses AI models like Moondream1ForConditionalGeneration and RawImage from Transformers.js 3.0 for image processing and description.
The tool has been designed as a Chrome extension but the developers hope that it will be integrated into Chrome as a default tool as it is more beneficial and powerful.
The team is seeking an experienced developer to assist with a full refactoring of the codebase.
The project is based on Hong Kong Institute's IT diploma course and it has been developed by Vincent Wun and Li Yuen Yuen and is part of the GDG group.
The tool is 100% free and open source. It offers a lot of features such as real-time image description and text-to-speech for HTML element content.

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Fyfluiddynamics

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Convection in Blue

Convection cells are commonly found in various phenomena, including clouds, the Sun, and cooking pans.
Convection occurs due to density differences in a fluid, where denser fluid sinks and lighter fluid rises.
Convection cells can form when there is a temperature difference or when a volatile chemical, such as alcohol, evaporates from a mixture.
The observed convection cells in an alcohol-paint mixture demonstrate the density differences created by the evaporation process.

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Physicsworld

107

Image Credit: Physicsworld

New modular synchronous source measure system from Lake Shore Cryotronics

Lake Shore Cryotronics has introduced a new modular synchronous source measure system called the M81-SSM.
The system combines amplifier modules with the M81-SSM instrument to enable low-level DC, AC, and mixed AC/DC measurements.
It provides DC to 100 kHz operation and allows time-correlated synchronous measurements on up to three source and three measure channels at the same time.
The M81-SSM features MeasureSync™ signal synchronization technology for precise and synchronized measurements.

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Physicsworld

291

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Nanoflake-based breath sensor delivers ultrasensitive lung cancer screening

Researchers have developed a nanoflake-based breath sensor capable of detecting lung cancer. The high performance isoprene sensor was created using nanoflakes of indium oxide (In2O3), which is sensitive enough to detect isoprene present in breath that provide a biomarker for the presence of lung cancer. The platinum-loaded (Pt@InNiOx) sensors outperformed existing devices due to their relative high surface area which promotes isoprene adsorption and enhances electron interaction and electrical signals. Testing proved successful in revealing exhaled isoprene concentrations in lung cancer patients consistently below 40ppb, with over 60ppb in healthy individuals.
The performance tests indicated that Pt@InNiOx may provide an optimal sensing material for detecting ultralow levels of isoprene. The researchers integrated Pt@InNiOx nanoflakes into a portable breath sensing device and collected exhaled breath from eight healthy individuals and five lung cancer patients. The sensing device consistently revealed exhaled isoprene concentrations in lung cancer patients below 40 ppb and over 60 ppb in healthy individuals, effectively distinguishing individuals with lung cancer from healthy people.
The new sensing technology can provide cost-effective lung cancer diagnosis through noninvasive detection of lung cancer, and be used for at-home surveillance for lung cancer patients and offer dynamic monitoring of their health status.
Although there are requirements for further research on the sensing materials and the relationship between breath isoprene levels and lung cancer to pave the way for future commercialization of this technology, the researchers have started evaluating the potentials of the new technology to be applied for other cancers such as prostate cancer.
The research team used nanoflakes of pure In2O3, nickel-doped (InNiOx) or platinum-loaded (Pt@InNiOx), to optimize the sensing performance. The sensors comprise an insulating substrate with interdigitated gold/titanium electrodes and coated with a layer of roughly 10 nm-thick nanoflakes.
The nanoflakes' two-dimensional structure provides a relatively high surface area and pore volume, promoting isoprene adsorption and enhancing electron interaction and electrical signals. The sensitivity of the gas sensor improves on metal oxide semiconductor In2O3, a promising candidate for isoprene sensing.
The researchers have successfully validated their potential for rapid and cost-effective lung cancer diagnosis through their findings, and are continuing to finish clinical trials to further evaluate the impacts of breath isoprene gas sensing technology.
The nanoflake-based breath sensor has offered an effective way of detecting lung cancer for cost-effective, rapid, noninvasive, and real-time monitoring applications, holding significant implications for at-home surveillance for lung cancer patients.
The researchers report their findings in ACS Sensors and have started cooperating with a local hospital for large-scale clinical testing to evaluate potentials for other cancers such as prostate cancer.
Clinical testing is in progress, paving the way for the future of transformative cancer detection tools that could ultimately save lives and improve healthcare.

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Knowridge

264

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Scientists discover new path to quantum spin liquids

Scientists at the University of Birmingham have created a ruthenium-based material that meets the requirements for the 'Kitaev quantum spin liquid state', a phenomenon first theorized in 2009.
Quantum spin liquids are materials where electrons interact through quantum entanglement, resulting in disordered magnetic properties.
Past attempts to engineer these materials often failed, but the new material's open framework structure weakens magnetic interactions, bringing scientists closer to the elusive quantum spin liquid state.
This breakthrough could pave the way for the development of quantum materials with unique magnetic properties, leading to advancements in quantum technologies.

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Knowridge

386

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How the building blocks of matter carry their mass

Scientists have discovered new details about the distribution of mass inside particles called hadrons.
Hadrons, such as protons, neutrons, and pions, are made up of even smaller particles known as quarks, held together by gluons.
The study analyzed the mass distribution in nucleons and pions, revealing patterns related to charge distribution.
This research contributes to understanding the origin of nucleon mass and the distribution of mass within hadrons.

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Physicsworld

215

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Why we need more pride in physics

Physicists are often perceived as masculine and exclusively heterosexual, which can make the queer community feel uncomfortable in an academic setting.
A recent survey of 160 UK students and staff who identify as queer found that they feel less comfortable in science-related professions than they do among their peers.
The lack of role models in science is a critical factor in discouraging queer people from pursuing such careers.
The media will not see an increase in queer scientists until more queer people obtain science degrees. Similarly, more queer people will graduate from science programs if they see science as a safe and welcoming career option.
Initiatives like displaying pronouns in communication, highlighting queer networks, attending local Pride events, and increasing queer representation in films, books, and TV series could help queer people feel more welcomed within science-based groups and industries.

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Brighter Side of News

125

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This rare substance costs an amazing $62,000,000,000,000 per gram

Antimatter, valued at $62.5 trillion per gram, is an elusive and costly substance with immense potential.
Antimatter is the antithesis of regular matter and their annihilation releases unimaginably powerful energy.
Harnessing antimatter's power is challenging, but it has the scientific community excited.
Producing even a gram of antihydrogen, a form of antimatter, is projected to take 100 billion years.

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Brighter Side of News

413

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NASA, ESA missions help scientists discover what powers solar winds

Scientists have discovered the role of Alfvén waves in energizing the solar wind.
Alfvén waves carry energy from the Sun’s corona and are critical players.
High-amplitude Alfvén waves manifest as switchbacks observed during the probes' close encounters with the Sun.
These waves drive work on the plasma, item transferring energy that accelerates and heats the solar wind.
The breakthrough came in February 2022 when both probes serendipitously aligned to study the same stream of solar wind.
Parker Solar Probe detected switchback-rich slow plasma, while Solar Orbiter recorded a fast-moving, heated wind devoid of fluctuations.
Observations confirmed that Alfvén waves in the form of switchbacks provide enough energy to account for unexpected heating and acceleration of solar wind.
Understanding the mechanics of solar wind is important for predicting space weather, which can disrupt satellites, power grids, and communication systems on Earth.
This research could help in understanding how the winds and planetary systems influence the environments of other stars, making planets habitable.
The study underscores the importance of collaborative missions like Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter.

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Medium

220

Miracles of Physics: Discovering the Natural Apparels of the Cosmos

Entanglement is a striking effect in quantum mechanics where two particles become correlated, defying our classical understanding of space and time.
Albert Einstein's theory of relativity revolutionized our thinking about time and space, showing that time is not absolute but can be influenced by gravity and velocity.
Entanglement has been experimentally confirmed and is the basis of emerging technologies like quantum computing and secure communication.
Einstein's theory of relativity predicts that time moves more slowly closer to a mass, challenging the concept of absolute time.

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