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Scientists say a nearby supernova could solve the mystery of dark matter

Scientists from the University of California, Berkeley, suggest that a nearby supernova event could hold the key to understanding dark matter, which makes up 85% of the universe's matter.
During a supernova, massive stars collapsing into neutron stars could produce large numbers of axions, a leading candidate for dark matter.
These axions could transform into gamma rays, which could be detected by instruments on Earth, providing clues about their mass and properties.
The researchers propose building a gamma-ray telescope fleet, named GALAXIS, to monitor the sky continuously and not miss the next opportunity to detect gamma rays from a nearby supernova.

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Physicsworld

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Ultrafast electron entanglement could be studied using helium photoemission

A new theoretical analysis calculates the impact of quantum entanglement on the emission time of photoelectrons by physicists at Shenzhen University in China and the Vienna University of Technology in Austria.
They focused on the ionization of helium relative to ground state by extreme ultraviolet pulses.
The two potential pathways by which the photoelectron could be produced in this experiment were through either direct single-ionization or excitation ionization.
The two emission pathways result in entangled states such that the two electrons are described by the same quantum wavefunction.
The resultant observation is predicted using attosecond technology, such as RABBITT and streaking.
A 500 as pulse as a pump and a 10 fs pulse as a probe may help to achieve higher resolution time intervals and photoionization detection.
However, the production of XUV pulses required to test these predictions remains a significant issuer.
There are two emission pathways possible for the production of a photoelectron, with entangled states produced as a consequence.
A unique finding was that photoelectrons emitted via excitation ionisation were most likely to be detected around 200 as earlier than those emitted via direct single-ionisation.
This experiment aims to develop new insights into the empirical character of physics observation and thus help to understand more composite structures such as atoms and molecules.

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Knowridge

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Scientists map energy of solar radiation in Martian space

A team of international scientists has created the first complete energy spectrum of high-energy protons during a solar eruption near Mars.
The study deepens our understanding of the radiation environment around Mars and its risks to future exploration missions.
China's Tianwen-1 orbiter played a key role in this discovery, measuring particles with energies ranging from 2 to 100 MeV.
The researchers combined data from multiple missions to map the energy spectrum and estimate radiation dose, confirming the reliability of their methods.

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Brighter Side of News

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World’s most advanced hypergravity facility just came online – could compress time and space

The Centrifugal Hypergravity and Interdisciplinary Experiment Facility (CHIEF) in China is almost complete and set to offer revolutionary new experimental capabilities. The $286.6m facility boasts hypergravity centrifuges capable of generating forces thousands of times stronger than Earth's gravity, allowing researchers to simulate physical conditions that are impossible to replicate naturally. CHIEF will feature six dedicated hypergravity experiment chambers for specialised research, from deep-sea exploration to advanced materials processing and geological studies. Its unparalleled capabilities are expected to shape the future of science, ranging from clean energy solutions to resilient infrastructure.
Researchers can optimize extraction methods and reduce risks when studying abundant clean energy sources found in seabeds and beneath permafrost. THe new hypergravity facility will compress time and space and accelerate phase separation. The Hangzhou City government hailed its progress as a major milestone in Chinese science and technology.
CHIEF will be the most advanced hypergravity research centre in the world when fully operational in 2024. The facility boasts three major centrifuges and 18 onboard units, offering a platform for diverse scientific applications.
Facilities like this could compress time and space and solve or tap into major engineering technologies as well as cutting-edge matter-related sciences. The system’s capability to simulate conditions like deep-earth geological processes and material behaviours under high stress is another major advantage of CHIEF over other facilities.
The project is part of China's 13th Five-Year Plan list of 10 critical scientific projects, and is being hailed as a major step forward for hypergravity research and scientific innovation generally.
The research enabled by this hypergravity facility promises to shape the future of science and engineering, from clean energy solutions to resilient infrastructure.
CHIEF’s interdisciplinary approach brings together experts in physics, engineering, geology, and environmental science to tackle some of humanity’s most pressing problems.
With the ability to compress time and space and accelerate phase separation, CHIEF represents a pioneering step for hypergravity research and scientific infrastructure globally, with China positioning itself as a leader in this field.
CHIEF will provide an advanced experiment platform and offer immense support for the development and verification of major engineering technologies, as well as research into cutting-edge matter-related sciences that may not be possible to conduct elsewhere.
With its unparalleled capabilities, CHIEF is expected to become a hub for groundbreaking discoveries and technological innovation in fields such as energy and materials science.

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Physicsworld

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Noodles of fun as UK researchers create the world’s thinnest spaghetti

UK researchers have created the world's thinnest spaghetti, measuring 372 nanometres in diameter.
The 'nanopasta' was made using electrospinning, pulling a mixture of flour and liquid through a needle using an electric charge.
The researchers are investigating potential medical uses for the starch-based nanofibers, such as wound dressing, tissue regrowth scaffolds, and drug delivery.
However, the nanopasta is not expected to be practical for consumption as it would overcook quickly.

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Physicsworld

343

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Lens breakthrough paves the way for ultrathin cameras

A research team at Seoul National University has developed a metasurface-based folded lens system for ultrathin cameras.
The metasurface folded optics enable exceptional control of light while maintaining thicknesses of less than a millimeter.
The lens system utilizes metasurfaces placed horizontally on a glass wafer, allowing for multiple folded diagonal light paths.
Potential applications include slimline cameras for smartphones, augmented/virtual reality devices, and miniaturized microscopes.

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Hobbieroth

356

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From Brownian Motion to Virtual Biopsy: A Historical Perspective from 40 years of Diffusion MRI

Denis Le Bihan recently published an open access review article in the Japanese Journal of Radiology titled “From Brownian Motion to Virtual Biopsy: A Historical Perspective from 40 years of Diffusion MRI”
The article explores in depth several of the concepts that Russ Hobbie and I describe in Section 18.13 (Diffusion and Diffusion Tensor MRI) of Intermediate Physics for Medicine and Biology.
Diffusion MRI was born in the mid-1980s, and since then, it has enjoyed incredible success over the past 40 years, both for research and in the clinical field.
Clinical applications began in the brain, notably in the management of acute stroke patients. Diffusion MRI then became the standard for the study of cerebral white-matter diseases, through the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) framework.
Over time, clinical applications of diffusion MRI have been extended, notably in oncology, to diagnose and monitor cancerous lesions in almost all organs of the body.
Diffusion MRI works because spins that are excited by a radiofrequency pulse will then diffuse away from the tissue voxel being imaged, degrading the signal.
Le Bihan claims that the other big advances in MRI of that era—the development of functional MRI based on the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) imaging—has not yet led to any clinical applications, while diffusion imaging has several.
Diffusion MRI has become a pillar of modern medical imaging with broad applications in both clinical and research settings, providing insights into tissue integrity and structural abnormalities.
It allows to detect early changes in tissues that may not be visible with other imaging modalities.
If you want to learn more about diffusion MRI, I recommend Le Bihan’s article. It provides an excellent introduction to the subject, with a fascinating historical perspective.

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Physicsworld

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Martin Rees, Carlo Rovelli and Steven Weinberg tackle big questions to mark Oxford anniversary

The St Cross Centre for the History and Philosophy of Physics (HAPP) in Oxford has published a 10th-anniversary commemorative volume in the Journal of Physics: Conference Series.
The volume covers four themes: physicists across history, space and astronomy, philosophical perspectives, and concepts in physics.
Prominent physicists Martin Rees, Carlo Rovelli, and the late Steven Weinberg have contributed to the volume, addressing topics such as the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, scientific thinking, and the greatest physics discoveries.
HAPP was founded to provide a platform for discussions on the philosophy and methodologies of physics, engaging both the general public and experts from various fields.

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Popsci

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A 3D-printed duck-billed dinosaur’s skull could help us learn what it sounded like

Using Parasaurolophus fossils, researcher Hongjun Lin from New York University created a 3D-printed model of the dinosaur's head crest.
The model, named 'Linophone', helps researchers understand the acoustic capabilities of the Parasaurolophus.
Preliminary findings suggest that the Parasaurolophus' crest was used for resonance, similar to modern birds with crests.
The mathematical model and physical model will be used to study other animals with similar vocal structures and potentially recreate the sound of the Parasaurolophus.

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Physicsworld

205

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Top-cited authors from North America share their tips for boosting research impact

More than 80 papers from North America have been recognized with a Top Cited Paper award for 2024 from IOP Publishing.
Among the awardees are astrophysicists Sarah Vigeland and Stephen Taylor who are co-authors of the winning article examining the gravitational-wave background using NANoGrav data.
The authors explain that while citations indicate relevance and attract broader audiences, impact is not solely determined by citations alone.
Bio-inspired engineer Carl White, another top-cited award winner, emphasizes the importance of focusing on novel ideas that address significant needs to maximize research impact.

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Physicsworld

196

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Quantum error correction research yields unexpected quantum gravity insights

Researchers have discovered that developing a framework understanding of the subsystem variance parameter described in approximate quantum error correction (AQEC) codes, will help build reliable quantum computers. The resulting threshold creates a generalised method of evaluating AQEC codes, establishing a boundary between good, or non-trivial AQEC codes and bad ones, enabling broader error correction schemes. Researchers noted that the dividing line between trivial and non-trivial AQEC codes in quantum computing also arises as a universal threshold in other physical scenarios, and has revealed unexpected insight into quantum gravity including new approaches to spacetime revealing links to anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence (AdS/CFT) that could help reconcile quantum mechanics with Einstein's general theory of relativity. They hope to explore AQEC's applications in other interesting physical systems.
AQEC codes help quantum computers produce consistent errors by allowing mild degrees of approximation that cannot be achieved by exact QEC codes that aim for perfect error correction where errors will become negligible as the system size increases. The performance of AQEC codes and its characteristics remains unclear, raising questions on what separates good, non-trivial AQEC codes from bad ones.
Researchers have developed a framework by establishing a subsystem variance parameter, which describes the fluctuation of subsystems of states within the code space, linking the effectiveness of AQEC codes to a property known as quantum circuit complexity.
If the subsystem variance falls below a certain threshold, any code within this regime is considered a non-trivial AQEC code and subject to a lower bound of circuit complexity.
The threshold creates a more unified framework for evaluating and using AQEC codes enabling broader error correction schemes, essential for building reliable quantum computers.
The researchers found that the threshold is not arbitrary but rooted in elementary laws of nature and is universal, arising in other physical scenarios, including the study of topological order in condensed matter physics.
The new framework clarifies the connection between entanglement conditions and topological quantum order, allowing researchers to better understand these exotic phases of matter.
The new AQEC theory also carries implications beyond quantum computing and shows that their AQEC threshold may be useful for probing certain symmetries in quantum gravity, and could even lead to new approaches to spacetime and gravity, helping to bridge the divide between quantum mechanics and general relativity.
Researchers plan to explore scenarios where AQEC codes could outperform exact codes, and make the implications for quantum gravity more rigorous. They hope their study will inspire further explorations of AQEC’s applications to other interesting physical systems.
The research is described in Nature Physics.

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Fyfluiddynamics

151

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How Magnetic Fields Shape Core Flows

The Earth’s inner core is a hot, solid iron-rich alloy surrounded by a cooler, liquid outer core.
Convection and rotation in the outer core generate magnetic fields that can affect the flow of liquid metal inside the Earth.
Common models for planetary flows simplify this feedback mechanism, neglecting the impact of flow-induced magnetic fields on the flow.
A recent experiment involving a rotating tank filled with a magnetically-active fluid demonstrated that magnetic fields can cause flow across traditionally assumed boundaries.

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Medium

379

Rewriting the Cosmos: A New Equation for Physics’ Greatest Mysteries and an reintroduction of…

A radical new approach is proposed to address the mysteries of physics.
The model challenges black hole singularities and redefines particle behavior.
It introduces sub-particle dynamics, finite-density black holes, and exotic matter states.
The framework offers clarity to enigmatic phenomena and provides a unifying perspective.

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Knowridge

272

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Here’s how to weigh gigantic filaments of dark matter

Researchers have developed a technique for weighing giant filaments of dark matter, which make up the cosmic web.
The technique relies on the relationship between the amount of dark matter and the motion of galaxies within the filaments.
The spread in velocities of galaxies corresponds to the amount of dark matter in that section of the filament.
Mapping the spread in galaxy velocities along the length of the filaments can provide information about the mass of the underlying filament.

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Physicsworld

133

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Mechanical qubit could be used in quantum sensors and quantum memories

Swiss researchers have developed a mechanical qubit using acoustic wave resonators that holds massive potential for use in quantum sensing and quantum memories, according to Physics World.
While the quantum computing platforms available today operate according to the principles of quantum electrodynamics, this new advancement allows for quantum information to be stored by mechanical resonators that interact with surroundings by quantized vibrations.
While mechanical resonators have longer lifetimes than their electromagnetic counterparts, they could previously not store quantum information.
The newly-developed mechanical qubit could store information using two different energy levels and remain in a coherent superposition of those two levels without interference from other levels.
The team is now working on improving the qubit to enable its use in quantum information processing.
Swapping excitations into the qubit could also allow it to be used in quantum sensing to measure things such as gravitational forces, which lone superconducting qubits cannot do.
While the new mechanical qubit still needs improvement, as it is not suitable for quantum logic operations, its creation is a significant step forward towards creating a true mechanical quantum computer.
The mechanical qubit, which is the first mechanical resonator that is nonlinear at the single quantum level, is described in Science.

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