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# Understanding the Volume of a Sphere

The volume (V) of a sphere is given by the formula V = 4/3 * pi * r^3.
The formula can be understood conceptually by comparing a sphere to a circumscribing cylinder.
To calculate the volume of a sphere, cube the radius, multiply by pi, and then multiply by 4/3.
Understanding the volume of a sphere is important in various fields.

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Knowridge

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Why ketchup gets stuck—and how tiny rolling particles could fix it

Scientists at ETH Zurich have discovered how tiny rolling particles can prevent suspensions, such as ketchup, from becoming thicker.
The research focused on measuring the friction forces between individual particles using an atomic force microscope.
Smooth or slippery particles slid across each other, while rough or slightly sticky particles acted like gears, rolling more easily with less force.
The findings can help engineers design suspensions that flow more smoothly, benefiting industries such as construction and electronics manufacturing.

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Physicsworld

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Splitting water takes more energy than theory predicts – and now scientists know why

Scientists at Northwestern University have discovered why the process of splitting water to form oxygen during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) takes more energy than predicted by theory.
Water molecules on the surface of an electrode flip just before they give up electrons, resulting in inefficient water splitting.
The researchers have identified that controlling the orientation of water at the electrode-water interface could improve the efficiency of the OER.
The findings could have implications for multiple energy-related technologies beyond water splitting, such as the hydrogen evolution reaction and CO2 reduction to liquid fuels.

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Arstechnica

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Fewer beans = great coffee if you get the pour height right

Physicists at the University of Pennsylvania have studied the physics of brewing pour-over coffee.
The trick is to pour the water from as high as possible without breaking up the water jet upon impact with the grounds.
Controlling water flow and pressure is crucial in order to achieve a high extraction yield and quality brew.
Previous studies have focused on brewing the perfect cup of espresso, but fewer studies have been done on pour-over coffee.

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Netflixtechblog

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How Netflix Accurately Attributes eBPF Flow Logs

Netflix uses eBPF and TCP tracepoints to capture TCP flow logs at scale for network insights.
FlowExporter generates flow log records including IP addresses, ports, and timestamps, with around 5 million records per second.
Attributing IP addresses accurately to workload identities is crucial for making flow logs useful.
Initially, misattribution issues arose due to delays in IP address change events reaching FlowCollector.
FlowCollector's new attribution method involves correctly attributing local and remote IP addresses.
For container workloads, IPManAgent assists in assigning IP addresses to workload IDs.
Accurate attribution of IP addresses is achieved by maintaining time ranges of IP address ownership.
A broadcasting mechanism using Kafka helps in sharing IP address time ranges among FlowCollector nodes.
Cross-regional IP address attribution is facilitated by forwarding flows to nodes in the corresponding region.
Verification of the new attribution method was done by analyzing flow logs of a large service with known dependencies.

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Popsci

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New urinal designs use physics to prevent pee splashback

The basic design of urinals has remained similar for centuries, leading to issues like splashback in public restrooms.
A study in 2019 estimated that US urinals splash as much as 1 million liters of urine daily, posing hygiene and cleaning challenges.
New urinal designs, such as the 'Cornucopia' and 'Nautilus,' use fluid dynamics to minimize splashback and improve public health.
The designs were developed by an international team including researchers and students at the University of Waterloo.
Inspiration for the designs came from dogs' urination angles, leading to a solution resembling nautilus shells to reduce splashing.
Testing with dyed water jets showed that a surface intersecting urine streams at a low angle prevents splashback.
The new urinals reduced splashes to just 1.4% of the common North American design and are more accessible with versions for standing users and those with disabilities.
Replacing all US public urinals with designs like the Nautilus could save significant water and resources, enhancing sustainability and hygiene.
The project aims to reduce water usage for cleaning, save millions of liters of water per day, and improve public sanitation.
The innovative urinal designs offer potential benefits such as conserving resources, reducing costs, and enhancing public hygiene.

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Medium

Why I Chose Aerospace Engineering

Aerospace engineering signifies human drive, advancement, and innovation.
Passion for problem-solving and the desire to have real-world impact fuel the interest in aerospace engineering.
The aerospace sector is transforming rapidly, presenting numerous possibilities for the future.
Aerospace engineering provides the opportunity to inspire others and make a difference in the world.

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Physicsworld

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Hydrogels rapidly switch from soft to hard to create smart medical bandage

Researchers at Zhejiang University in China have developed 3D-printed hydrogels that can switch between soft and hard states, enabling applications like smart medical bandages.
This switchable composite is created by infusing supersaturated salt solution into polyacrylamide-based hydrogel structures, allowing for a rapid transition from soft to hard.
The material's mechanical properties are enhanced through crystallization, with significant improvements in Young’s modulus and compression strength observed.
The hydrogel can be easily returned to its soft state through heating and cooling, making it reusable for multiple cycles of switching.
The research team demonstrated the application of this technology in creating a smart plaster cast for medical fixation, providing rapid support for injuries with fast crystallization.
Compared to traditional plaster casts, the smart plaster cast hardens much faster, reaching higher yield strength and maintaining a safe temperature during the process.
The smart plaster cast allows for easy imaging during the healing process, facilitating high-quality X-rays to monitor bone fractures.
While the composite material shows high strength and modulus, researchers aim to enhance its toughness without compromising these properties for stronger and tougher materials.
The study on this hydrogel technology is described in the International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing.
The innovative hydrogel composites have the potential to revolutionize medical bandages and other applications requiring dynamic material properties.

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Fyfluiddynamics

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Measuring Mucus by Dragging Dead Fish

Mucus layer in fish plays a crucial role in protecting from pathogens, reducing drag, and even providing defense against predators.
Researchers conducted experiments on the mucus layer of the northern snakehead fish, which can move both on land and in water.
The study found that the snakehead fish had a slipperier mucus layer compared to other non-terrestrial species.
The slipperier mucus layer of the snakehead fish may help it move more easily on land and cover greater distances.

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Popsci

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How to brew the best pour-over coffee, according to science

A study by University of Pennsylvania researchers reveals that the best pour-over coffee requires generating an avalanche effect in the coffee grains.
Pouring from a greater height while maintaining a laminar flow allows grounds to recirculate and improves the mixing of coffee grounds effectively.
The results indicate that the extraction of the coffee can be tuned by prolonging the mixing time with slower but more effective pours using avalanche dynamics.
Using the pour-over method based on this research not only improves the flavor and quality of coffee but can also help reduce the demand on coffee beans worldwide.

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Physicsworld

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A theoretical physicist’s bucket list, 10 years later: Jim Gates on the graviton, quantum information and the scientific climate in the US

S. James Gates Jr shared his 'theorist's bucket list' of physics discoveries in 2014 and reveals his progress on them a decade later.
He witnessed the discovery of the Higgs boson and the detection of gravitational waves, a prediction made by Albert Einstein.
The detection of gravitational waves using LIGO was a significant achievement, marking a sharp confirmation of the theory of general relativity.
The next challenge is to detect gravitons, which could allow humans to observe events back to the Big Bang, surpassing the limitations of light observation.
Experimentally, advancements in detecting gravitons involve measuring polarization and adapting technologies like the Fabry-Pérot interferometers.
Gates discusses the prospects of supersymmetry, seeing it as a concept likely existing in nature despite challenges in detection at the Large Hadron Collider.
He also touches on the concept of superstring theory, suggesting its observational acceptance may come from a confluence of cosmological and astrophysical observations.
Gates expresses his new interest in quantum mechanics and information, particularly the incorporation of error-correcting codes into physics laws, leading to potential breakthroughs.
He emphasizes the critical role of diversity and access in driving innovation and expresses concerns about misinformation and fake news in the digital age.
Gates highlights the importance of public faith in science, urging the scientific community to actively engage with the public to maintain trust and faith in scientific advancements.

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Physicsworld

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Sliding droplets generate electrical charge as they stick and unstick

Scientists at RMIT University and the University of Melbourne have discovered that water droplets generate an electric charge when they stick and unstick on a surface.
The so-called depinning phenomenon could be used to improve energy-harvesting devices.
The charging mechanism is similar to slide electrification when a liquid leaves a surface; however, the opposite process can also generate a charge.
The researchers aim to further investigate this phenomenon with other liquids and surfaces for potential real-world applications.

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Physicsworld

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Superfluid phase spotted in molecular hydrogen for the first time

Chemists at the University of British Columbia have observed a superfluid phase in molecular hydrogen for the first time.
Previously, superfluidity had been observed in helium and ultracold atomic gases, but not in molecules.
This discovery could advance the understanding of quantum phase transitions and collective phenomena.
It also has potential implications for hydrogen storage and transportation.

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Interactions

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The LHC experiment collaborations at CERN receive Breakthrough Prize

The LHC experiment collaborations at CERN, including ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb, were awarded the Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics for their work based on LHC Run-2 data up to July 2024.
The prize recognized the collaborations' achievements in measuring Higgs boson properties, discovering new particles, studying rare processes, and exploring matter-antimatter asymmetry and extreme conditions at the Large Hadron Collider.
The $3 million Prize will be donated to the CERN & Society Foundation to provide grants for doctoral students from member institutes to conduct research at CERN.
ATLAS and CMS, two general-purpose experiments at the LHC, continue to investigate the properties of the Higgs boson and explore the electroweak scale and beyond.
ALICE studies quark-gluon plasma while LHCb explores differences between matter and antimatter, violation of symmetries, and composite particles.
The Breakthrough Prize acknowledges the scientific breakthroughs achieved by the thousands of collaborators from around the world working on these experiments.
The prize recipients expressed gratitude for the recognition and highlighted the significance of the discoveries in advancing our understanding of the Universe at a fundamental level.
The LHC experiments will continue to push the boundaries of physics with the High-Luminosity LHC upgrade starting in 2030, aiming for new discoveries.
The breakthroughs and measurements made by the LHC experiments have significantly contributed to the advancement of fundamental physics and our knowledge of the Universe.
The collaborations' efforts demonstrate the power of international collaboration and dedication to unraveling the mysteries of the universe.

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Physicsworld

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James McKenzie: how I knew the writing was on the wall for our rival’s lighting technology

In 2014, a lighting technology company faced challenges with their product launch due to issues with a rival firm's technology at a trade show.
The company was developing wirelessly connected lighting with a Bluetooth control system aimed at increasing energy efficiency and smart features.
LED technology was advancing rapidly, with LEDs becoming the predominant choice in the lighting industry by generating high lumens per watt.
At the LuxLive trade show, the company experienced technical difficulties when a rival firm's Ceravision's HEP lamps interfered with their products.
Ceravision's electrodeless lamp technology proved to be disruptive, efficient, and durable compared to existing LED solutions.
Efforts to resolve the interference issue with Ceravision at the trade show were met with defensive responses from the rival company.
Despite winning an innovation award, the company faced challenges demonstrating their wireless lighting system due to the interference from Ceravision's lamps.
Ceravision's technology faced setbacks in the market due to high costs, complexity, and niche applications, leading to the company's eventual demise.
The story highlights the importance of listening to customer feedback, re-evaluating products, and being adaptable to market changes for business success.
The case serves as a cautionary tale of missing opportunities in a rapidly evolving industry and the consequences of overlooking warning signs.
Ultimately, the fate of the rival company's lighting technology serves as a lesson in the need for continuous assessment and adjustment in business strategies.

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