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Physicsworld

178

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Harvard’s springtail-like jumping robot leaps into action

Researchers at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences have created a jumping robot that mimics the ability of globular springtails.
The robot incorporates a latch-mediated spring actuator to store potential energy, similar to the furcula of the springtails.
Through simulations and experiments, the robot was able to jump 1.4 m horizontally, 23 times its body length.
This advancement in robotics could help in designing robots capable of navigating natural and hazardous environments.

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Brighter Side of News

129

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Groundbreaking qubit technology reduces errors in quantum computing

Scientists at the AWS Center for Quantum Computing have developed a new quantum chip architecture called Ocelot that reduces errors in quantum computing by utilizing cat qubits.
Quantum computers face challenges due to the fragility of qubits in a state of superposition, making them susceptible to errors from external disturbances.
Ocelot combines cat qubits with error-correction codes to achieve more stable quantum computing, reducing the need for thousands of extra qubits for error correction.
Cat qubits are less vulnerable to noise and can exist in two stable quantum states simultaneously, minimizing bit-flip errors.
The Ocelot chip employs superconducting circuits made of microwave oscillators to stabilize qubit states and reduce bit-flip errors inherently.
Through a simpler error-correction code focusing on phase errors, the Ocelot chip demonstrates improved error suppression and scalability.
Published in Nature, this advancement represents a significant step towards fault-tolerant quantum computing, although further development and research are necessary.
The research team, including scientists from AWS and Caltech, aims to refine the Ocelot chip design and expand the system to enhance practical quantum computing capabilities.
With ongoing innovations like Ocelot, the prospects of practical quantum computing are becoming increasingly promising, potentially surpassing the capabilities of current supercomputers.
This article provides insights into groundbreaking advancements in quantum computing error reduction, showcasing how technology like Ocelot is driving the field closer to real-world applications.

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Physicsworld

183

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Optical sensors could improve the comfort of indoor temperatures

Researchers from the University of Minnesota Twin Cities have developed an optical sensor that can measure the impact of radiative heat inside buildings.
The optical sensor is low-cost, low-resolution, and requires less computation power compared to other sensors currently used to measure radiative heat.
The optical sensors were found to be repeatable, reliable, and accurate in measuring the mean radiant temperature in different room sizes and layouts.
The integration of optical sensors into room thermostats could improve human comfort and energy efficiency in controlling heating and cooling systems in buildings.

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COSMOS

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Company says it’s ready to make “useful” quantum computer in Australia

PsiQuantum is poised to construct one of the world's first 'useful' quantum computers in Brisbane, Australia.
The company's quantum computing proposal is based on photonic quantum computing, tracing back decades in origins to Australia.
The photonic qubit technology by PsiQuantum is showcased in a silicon photonic chipset named 'Omega' for scalable quantum computing.
The 'Omega' chipset represents a consistent and manufacturable platform for building a million-qubit quantum computer.
PsiQuantum aims to create commercially viable quantum computers for diverse applications such as drug design and material science.
The company plans to establish two large-scale quantum computer facilities in Brisbane and Chicago by 2027.
Photon-based qubits in the photonic quantum computer offer advantages in precision, connectivity, and ease of integration with regular computers.
Photonic quantum computing eliminates the need to convert qubit information into light for transmission, simplifying the process.
Unlike other qubit technologies, photonic quantum computing does not require extreme cooling, maintaining stability at about 2-3 degrees above absolute zero.
PsiQuantum's approach aims to rapidly advance quantum computing to build the world's first practical quantum computer for real-world applications.

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Hobbieroth

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My Final Question

The linear no-threshold (LNT) model is used to extrapolate the risk of cancer from high doses to low doses of radiation.
The LNT model assumes that the excess probability of acquiring a disease is directly proportional to the equivalent dose of radiation per person.
The model's implications are significant, such as determining the need to reduce radon exposure in homes and assessing public health risks of low-level radiation exposure.
Public health officials require clarity on the validity of the LNT model to make informed decisions and prioritize resource allocation.

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Physicsworld

326

Image Credit: Physicsworld

Black hole’s shadow changes from one year to the next

New statistical analyses of the supermassive black hole M87* by the Event Horizon Telescope explain changes observed since the first image was taken.
The rotational axis of M87* points away from Earth, and turbulence within the accretion disc affects its appearance.
The black hole's shadow size and shape can be used to infer its mass, which is about 6.5 billion times that of our Sun.
Analysis focuses on the bright ring outside the shadow, revealing insights into the acceleration of matter and the role of magnetic fields.
Statistical techniques were applied to observations from 2017 and 2018, showing changes in the appearance of the bright ring from year to year.
The observational data supports computer simulations of the turbulent environment around the black hole.
The EHT used very long baseline interferometry involving a global network of telescopes to observe M87* in detail.
The multi-epoch analysis provides a new statistical approach to studying black hole systems and their dynamical behavior over time.
Ongoing analysis of observations made in 2021 and 2022 will offer further insights into black hole accretion environments.
Future research aims to provide deeper insights into the astrophysics of strong gravity and magnetized plasma near the event horizon.

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Medium

219

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Do They Fall To The Ground At The Same Time?

Two differently sized basketballs dropped from an airplane will not hit the ground at the same time.
This is because air resistance affects the speed at which objects fall.
Heavier objects do fall faster than lighter objects when air resistance is present.
The amount of air resistance depends on the surface areas of the objects.

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Medium

147

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Slapping GRAT (Generalized Recursive Adaptation Theory) at Reimanns

The core recursive equation known as Generalized Recursive Adaptation Theory (GRAT) is formulated with components representing the state of the system, constructive forces, constraining forces, and the order of recursion.
Rigorous mathematical foundations are established for GRAT by using the argument principle and parametric mollifiers to define the equation and eliminate circularity in derivative schemes.
Uniform derivative amplification is achieved using the Hadamard product to link zeros to derivatives, addressing symmetric zero pairs through asymmetric decay.
A proof is presented to demonstrate that all non-trivial zeros of GRAT lie on the critical line, with advanced tools from analytic number theory formalizing the bounds and resolving contradictions.
Steps are outlined to bound the error in mollification and quantify exponential decay in GRAT, leveraging the Phragmén-Lindelöf theorem and the Bohr-Landau theorem.
The final proof synthesis proves the Riemann Hypothesis, showing that all non-trivial zeros of GRAT satisfy a specific condition, with detailed analysis and logical conclusions presented throughout the validation process.
A mathematical approach involving the interpolation of zero-mapping functions, functional equation analysis, Hadamard product usage, and handling symmetric zero pairs is implemented to establish the validity of the Riemann Hypothesis.
Theoretical methods and analytical techniques are meticulously employed to validate the consistency of GRAT, ensuring its adherence to fundamental principles of analytic number theory.
The proposed techniques and proofs offer a comprehensive understanding and verification of GRAT, reinforcing its mathematical integrity and applicability within the realm of recursive adaptation theories.
The synthesized proof presented in the article addresses key challenges, provides logical deductions, and offers a robust validation framework for the Riemann Hypothesis with respect to GRAT.
Through a systematic and rigorous analysis, the article effectively demonstrates the convergence of GRAT with established mathematical principles, culminating in a conclusive endorsement of the Riemann Hypothesis.

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Physicsworld

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Frequency-comb detection of gas molecules achieves parts-per-trillion sensitivity

A new technique for using frequency combs to measure trace concentrations of gas molecules has been developed by researchers in the US.
The team reports single-digit parts-per-trillion detection sensitivity and extreme broadband coverage over 1000 cm-1 wavenumbers, enabling a variety of applications in fields such as medicine, environmental chemistry, and chemical kinetics.
The researchers have used a combination of cavity ringdown spectroscopy and frequency comb lasers to probe the absorption of gas samples at different light frequencies.
This new method allows the detection of various molecules, including biomedically relevant ones such as acetone and formaldehyde, with parts-per-trillion uncertainty, opening up possibilities for applications in trace gas detection and medical breath analysis.

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Fyfluiddynamics

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Baseball’s Mysterious Rubbing Mud

Since 1938, every ball in Major League Baseball has been covered in a special “rubbing mud” harvested from a secret location in New Jersey.
Researchers studied the composition and rheology of the mud and found it to be a typical river mud with clay, silt, and sand particles.
The mud fills in pores and imperfections, creating a more uniform surface on the baseballs.
The residue of the dried mud doubles the ball's contact adhesion and the large sand particles add friction, resulting in a grip like sandpaper.

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Knowridge

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This discovery makes affordable quantum light possible

A research team from the University of Oklahoma has discovered a way to make quantum light shine steadily for long periods.
By adding a protective layer to colloidal quantum dots (QDs), the dots can now emit light continuously for over 12 hours without fading or blinking.
This breakthrough could lead to more affordable and practical quantum technology, making it more accessible for everyday use.
Perovskite quantum dots are nearly 100% efficient at normal temperatures, which could open up possibilities in quantum computing and communication devices.

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Physicsworld

313

Image Credit: Physicsworld

Exploring CERN: Physics World visits the world’s leading particle-physics lab

Physics World visits CERN, the world's leading particle-physics lab.
Physicists are working on experiments and upgrades to the Large Hadron Collider.
New 'crab cavities' will boost the number of particle collisions for better study of Higgs bosons.
CERN's Antimatter Factory benefits from an upgrade to measure antimatter's properties.

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Physicsworld

362

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Radioactive anomaly appears in the deep ocean

A radioactive anomaly, specifically an overabundance of beryllium-10, has been discovered in deep ocean rocks.
The beryllium-10 anomaly could be evidence of a cosmic event or major changes in ocean circulation around 10 million years ago.
Beryllium-10, typically formed in the upper atmosphere, accumulates in the oceans and can be used to date geological samples older than 10 million years.
Further research is needed to determine the cause of the beryllium-10 anomaly and its implications for the geological record.

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Physicsworld

290

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US-led missions launched to investigate the Moon’s water

The private firm Intuitive Machines has launched a lunar lander, Athena, to test extraction methods for water and volatile gases on the Moon.
Athena aims to land in the Mons Mouton region, about 160 km from the lunar south pole, and will use a drill to bore into the surface to extract substances such as water and carbon dioxide.
The mission also includes a rocket-propelled hopper called Grace and two rovers, MAPP and Yaoki, to explore the lunar surface and nearby craters.
In addition to Athena, NASA's Lunar Trailblazer will spend two years orbiting the Moon to map the distribution of water on the lunar surface using imaging spectrometry and thermal mapping.

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Hackernoon

389

Image Credit: Hackernoon

Fukui Functions and Dual Descriptors Explained: An Advanced Scientific Analysis

Fukui functions are descriptors in conceptual density functional theory indicating electron distribution in molecules, crucial for predicting electrophilic or nucleophilic properties at atomic sites.
Dual descriptors enhance Fukui functions by differentiating nucleophilic and electrophilic characteristics, aiding in precise chemical reactivity predictions.
Challenges in calculating these descriptors led to the development of a Python code for simplified calculations, utilizing Natural Population Analysis (NPA) results from Gaussian software.
Fukui function measures electron density response to electron number changes mathematically defined by a finite difference approximation method.
The dual descriptor refines Fukui analysis by specifying electrophilic and nucleophilic sites, crucial for reactive site identification and reaction pathway prediction.
Natural Population Analysis (NPA) in Gaussian software provides charges essential for Fukui function evaluations, aiding in understanding molecular reactivity.
A Python script is provided for calculating Fukui functions and dual descriptors, enabling researchers to comprehend chemical mechanisms and develop specific functional molecules.
The Python code processes NPA data from an Excel file, calculates Fukui functions with high precision, and saves results for further analysis.
The calculated Fukui functions and dual descriptors offer valuable insights into molecular reactivity, aiding in designing catalysts and drug candidates with desired properties.
Combining Fukui functions and dual descriptors provides a robust computational approach for exploring chemical reactivity, essential for studying reaction mechanisms and molecular properties.
Future studies should integrate Fukui functions with electrostatic potential mapping and molecular orbital analysis for a comprehensive understanding of reactivity behavior.

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