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Growing Downstream

Madagascar's largest estuary, the Betsiboka River, has experienced significant changes over the past century.
Extensive logging and expansions to farmland have caused severe soil erosion, leading to sediment flowing downstream and impacting the estuary.
The river delta now occupies more than half of the estuary, reducing navigability for ships.
A comparison of astronaut photos from 1984 and 2024 reveals the formation of new islands and sand bars further downstream.

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Physicsworld

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From qubits to metamaterials: tech that led to Institute of Physics business awards 2024

Eight companies have won the main Institute of Physics Business Innovation Award.
The development of a revolutionary heat engine which can generate electrical power from waste heat and geothermal sources with a potential for a huge market was also recognized.
Oxford Ionics, a quantum-computing firm, has found success with its trapped-ion processors using a proprietary, patented electronic system to control quantum bits.
Dublin-based Equal1 was awarded the Quantum Business Innovation and Growth (qBIG) Prize.
Covesion, a photonic and quantum-components supplier, has won an award for its magnesium-doped, lithium niobate crystals and waveguides, allowing light to be easily converted from one frequency to another.
Metasonixx, based in Brighton, makes acoustic metamaterial panels which can dramatically attenuate sound while still allowing air to flow, dramatically improving noise management and ventilation
The companies honoured by the Institute of Physics have a promising future in the fields of imaging and medical technology.
The awards can be a significant endorsement for firms developing new technology in these fields.

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Physicsworld

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Physicists close in on fractionally-charged electron mystery in graphene

Physicists in the US have found an explanation for why electrons in a material called pentalayer moiré graphene carry fractional charges even in the absence of a magnetic field.
Teams at MIT, Johns Hopkins University, and Harvard University/University of California, Berkeley have independently suggested that an interaction-induced topological 'flat' band in the material's electronic structure may be responsible.
The fractional quantum anomalous Hall effect was initially observed in twisted molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2) in 2023.
The MIT team found that the moiré arrangement of pentalayer graphene induces a weak electron potential that forces electrons passing through it to arrange themselves in crystal-like periodic patterns, forming a 'flat' electronic band.

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Physicsworld

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Delayed Big Bang for dark matter could be detected in gravitational waves

Richard Casey and Cosmin Ilie of Colgate University have calculated the full range of parameters in which a 'Dark Big Bang' creation to dark matter could fit into the observed history of the universe.
Dark matter particles are believed to account for about 27% of the mass-energy in the cosmos and are part of the Standard Model of cosmology.
Evidence for dark matter comes from when it began to exert its gravitational influence on normal matter later on after the Big Bang.
In 2023 Katherine Freese and Martin Winkler at the University of Texas at Austin suggested a Dark Big Bang theory that suggests dark matter may have been created after the Big Bang event.
Casey and Ilie have investigated how predictions of the Dark Big Bang model could be consistent with astronomers’ observations of the early universe.
Their results suggest that the Dark Big Bang is far less constrained by past observations than previously anticipated and that evidence of this delayed creation could be found in gravitational waves.
If a Dark Big Bang happened, then the gravitational waves it produced would have left a subtle imprint on the fabric of space-time.
Studies could ultimately bring us closer to understanding the origins of dark matter, which is an elusive substance that appears to play a significant role in the structure and dynamics of the universe.
Upcoming observational programmes could help search for these characteristic imprints and gravitational waves in a newly found parameter space.
The duo’s constraints on dark matter could soon be tested by existing and upcoming gravitational wave research programs.

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Knowridge

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Light meets its match: scientists discover lasers can cast shadows

Researchers have discovered that, under special conditions, a laser beam can cast a visible shadow, challenging our understanding of light and shadows.
Using a ruby crystal and two laser beams of different colors, the researchers observed that when the green laser entered the crystal, it changed the crystal's response to the blue light, creating a shadow where the green laser blocked the blue light.
This effect is a result of a nonlinear optical process, where the green laser changes the crystal's absorption of the blue light, creating a shadow that matches the shape of the green laser beam.
This discovery has the potential to advance optical devices and technologies, such as optical switches and precise control of light in high-power laser applications.

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Medium

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In the bustling city of Rome, 1934, a young physicist named Enrico Fermi and his team were on the…

In 1934, physicist Enrico Fermi made a discovery that was later revealed to be a mistake.
His announcement of new elements, ausenium and hesperium, garnered praise from the scientific community and the Italian Fascist regime.
However, in 1938, the discovery of nuclear fission by German scientists revealed that Fermi's 'elements' were actually the products of uranium fission.
Fermi's experiments, although flawed, laid the groundwork for understanding nuclear reactions and played a crucial role in the development of nuclear energy and medicine.

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Medium

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BREAKING NEWS: Einstein’s Equation Corrected — AI’s Role in Physics Redefines Energy

Physicist Sreekanth Kumbha and his team have made a revolutionary correction to Einstein’s equation that redefines energy and intelligence.
This discovery was a result of unexplained experimental anomalies that couldn’t be explained by the original equation.
It was discovered that energy outputs in systems that employed AI often exceeded theoretical predictions. The team discovered that AI systems were contributing energy in an unrecognized way.
Proposed correction to Einstein’s equation: E= mc² + AI
The AI term depends on the system’s computational power, energy consumption, and efficiency.
This could also shed light on some of the universe’s mysteries, including dark energy.
The corrected equation may bridge the divide between general relativity and quantum mechanics.
Despite excitement, the correction has been validated only in specific experimental setups involving advanced AI.
The equation highlights the interplay between human ingenuity, artificial intelligence, and the natural world.
This represents a bold leap forward in science, combining the insights of Einstein with the transformative power of artificial intelligence.

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Physicsworld

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The mechanics of squirting cucumbers revealed

The squirting cucumber, Ecballium elaterium, has a unique way of ejecting seeds.
When ripe, the fruits detach from the stem and explosively eject seeds in a high-pressure jet of mucilage.
Researchers in the UK have revealed the mechanism behind the seed ejection through videography, scans, and modeling.
The process involves fluid build-up inside the fruit, causing it to rotate and eject seeds at high speed.

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Physicsworld

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From the blackboard to the boardroom: why university is a great place to become an entrepreneur

Physics drives scientific advancements in various applications, which requires physicists to have an entrepreneurship mindset.
Many successful and contemporary firms, including Sony, Intel, and Tesla, were founded by physicists.
Even if someone isn’t planning to launch a business, entrepreneurship skills are essential for industry workers.
To kick-start the entrepreneurship journey, examine your experience and goals.
Look for extracurricular opportunities like speaker events, workshops, and competitions in addition to curricular courses.
Early-stage founders should consider incubators at universities and accelerator programs, such as the Science and Technology Facilities Council CERN Business Incubation Centre.
Funding for high-risk early-stage businesses can come from government agencies, such as the STFC and Seedcamp, or US agency America’s Seed Fund.
Graduate student events like venture competitions often lead to significant prizes and support upon winning.
Physics graduates are increasingly expected to possess entrepreneurship skills.
University is an ideal time for students to explore entrepreneurship with plenty of support available.

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Quantumfrontiers

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Happy 200th birthday, Carnot’s theorem!

Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot proved a fundamental limitation on engines’ efficiencies, which governs engines that draw energy from heat, rather than from, say, the motional energy of water cascading down a waterfall.
Carnot cap the engines’ efficiencies that prevents engineers from wasting their time on daydreaming about more-efficient engines.
Carnot’s theorem encapsulates the second law of thermodynamics, which helps us understand why time flows in only one direction.
The engine mustn’t waste heat and one can keep the gas quiescent only by running the cycle infinitely slowly, so perfect efficiency is achievable only in principle, not in practice.
Carnot’s theorem provides what physicists call a sanity check whenever researchers devise a new heat engine.
Carnot’s theorem also serves as a school exercise and a historical tipping point.
Carnot’s theorem is practical and fundamental, pedagogical and cutting-edge.
Carnot upper-bounded the efficiency achievable by every heat engine of the sort described above.
Capping engine efficiencies caps the output one can expect of a machine, factory, or economy.
The Carnot cycle provides intuition, serving as a simple example on which thermodynamicists try out new ideas, such as quantum engines.

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Physicsworld

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Astronomers can play an important role in explaining the causes and consequences of climate change, says astrophysicist

Astronomer Travis Rector believes that astronomers should educate themselves and the public about climate change.
He emphasizes the importance of listening to public concerns and engaging in discussions about global warming.
Some astronomers are hesitant to talk about climate change due to their limited understanding of the science.
Rector's positive interactions with his students at the University of Alaska Anchorage give him hope for finding climate solutions.

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Physicsworld

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Optimization algorithm gives laser fusion a boost

A new algorithmic technique could enhance the output of fusion reactors by smoothing out the laser pulses used to compress hydrogen to fusion densities.
An algorithm developed by physicists at the University of Bordeaux and could prove useful at other laser fusion experiments.
A major challenge in fusion energy is keeping the fuel hot and dense enough for fusion reactions to occur.
Direct-drive ICF is a stronger candidate for a fusion reactor as it can deliver more fusion energy per unit of laser energy.
The researchers created a technique that uses approximations in simulations of the laser beam-plasma interactions requiring less than 1000 CPU.
Their simulations showed that the optimized configuration should produce pressures three times higher and densities almost two times higher than in the original experiment.
It could be adapted to other pellet geometries and facilities.
Barlow is also applying this methodology to ensure the robust, uniform drive of targets to create a new IFE facility and eventually a power plant.
A broader physics application would be to incorporate more laser-plasma instabilities beyond CBET.
This technique is detailed in Physical Review Letters and is a great accelerated scheme for better evaluating laser-plasma instabilities and their impact for illumination configurations and post-shot analysis.

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Knowridge

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How twisted light is changing the way we control electrons

Scientists have found a way to use twisted light to 'spin' electrons and create currents in graphene.
By transferring the spinning motion of twisted light to electrons in graphene, researchers were able to control their behavior and create a current.
This breakthrough opens up possibilities for controlling electrons in quantum materials and understanding their quantum properties.
The use of twisted light could lead to advancements in quantum technologies and provide new ways to measure and manipulate electrons.

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Physicsworld

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Mark Thomson and Jung Cao: a changing of the guard in particle physics

Jun Cao became the new director of China's Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP).
IHEP plans to build the Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) as a 'Higgs factory'.
Mark Thomson will become the 17th director-general at CERN in January 2026.
Thomson will be responsible for deciding the future of particle-physics facilities, including the Future Circular Collider (FCC) at CERN.

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Physicsworld

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New imaging technique could change how we look at certain objects in space

A new imaging technique has been developed that can reconstruct standard two-dimensional radio images as three-dimensional ones.
This technique has the potential to provide information about the 3D structures of polarized radio sources, such as the jet-like features of galactic black holes.
The technique utilizes the measurement of Faraday rotation to determine the relative distance between the emitting region and the observer.
The study suggests that the 3D reconstructions may challenge existing physical models of how radio galaxies form and how the jets from black holes interact with the surrounding medium.

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