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Physicsworld

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How would an asteroid strike affect life on Earth?

Researchers at the IBS Center for Climate Physics in South Korea ran impact simulations with an Earth system model to study the effects of an asteroid strike on Earth's climate and environment.
Results show dramatic disruptions in climate, atmospheric chemistry, and global photosynthesis for three to four years post-impact due to dust production.
The impact would lead to an 'impact winter' with reduced sunlight, cold temperatures, and decreased precipitation, similar to effects observed after the Chicxulub asteroid impact.
Severe ozone depletion would occur in the stratosphere due to warming caused by dust particles absorbing solar radiation.
Plant growth would decline affecting food productivity, although ocean plankton could recover and increase due to the iron-rich dust triggered growth.
Simulating a 'Bennu'-sized asteroid impact, the study revealed potential climate impacts comparable to the effects of large volcanic eruptions.
Global mean temperatures could drop by 4°C, precipitation decrease by 15%, and ozone reduce by 32% in the first year post-impact.
Medium-sized asteroid collisions occur approximately every 100,000 to 200,000 years, potentially impacting human evolution and genetic makeup.
Limitations of the study include constraints in simulating massive aerosol injections and the need for better modeling an ocean impact scenario.
Future research should explore additional aerosols' impacts, consider spherule-induced wildfires, and investigate sulphur and CO2 emissions for a more comprehensive analysis.
Overall, the study provides insights into the potential environmental effects of asteroid impacts and the importance of assessing both probability and damage for risk estimation.

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Hobbieroth

130

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The First Measurement of the Magnetocardiogram

In 1963, Gerhard Baule and Richard McFee first measured the magnetic field generated by the human body, known as a magnetocardiogram (MCG).
To measure the MCG, they wound two million turns of wire around a dumbbell-shaped ferrite core and detected the induced voltage in the pickup coil.
The MCG has a low magnetic field strength, on the order of 50-100 pT, which is much weaker than the magnetic field in an MRI machine.
Baule and McFee used gradiometers and subtracted the output of two pickup coils to minimize background noise during MCG measurement.

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Towards Data Science

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Essential Review Papers on Physics-Informed Neural Networks: A Curated Guide for Practitioners

Review papers serve as valuable tools to distill essential insights and highlight important trends in Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs).
The curated guide includes must-read review papers on PINNs covering algorithmic developments, implementation best practices, and real-world applications.
The collection provides a practical perspective often missing from academic reviews, based on analyzing around 200 arXiv papers on PINNs across various engineering domains.
Each review paper is explained for its unique perspective and practical takeaways, aiding practitioners in deploying these techniques for real-world challenges.
Themes in the review papers include fundamental components, theoretical learning process, applications in engineering, available toolsets, emerging trends, and future directions of PINNs.
The review papers emphasize enhancements in network design, optimization strategies, uncertainty quantification, and theoretical insights, along with showcasing key applications across domains.
A practical perspective is highlighted in a review paper discussing how PINNs are used to tackle various engineering tasks and presenting distilled recurring functional usage patterns.
The emphasis on solving engineering tasks by PINNs provides specific guidance for practitioners, enabling them to leverage established use cases and adapt proven solutions.
Practitioners seeking insights on training PINNs can benefit from a detailed set of best practices for addressing challenges like spectral bias, unbalanced loss terms, and causality violations.
Several review papers focus on specific scientific and engineering domains, such as heat transfer, power systems, fluid mechanics, and metal additive manufacturing, offering deeper insights into applications and best practices.

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Medium

286

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The Universe as Conscious Creation

A foundational physics framework is introduced, emphasizing intrinsic relational unity and timelessness, integrating quantum mechanics, relativity, and cosmology.
Conventional constructs such as space, time, and historical events emerge through relational interactions defined by awareness or consciousness.
Awareness, as reflective interaction, establishes sequences of events, actualizing experiential realities from potential states.
The universe is envisioned as a conscious paradox, simultaneously unified and diverse, actual and potential.

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Medium

365

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Accelerating Large-Scale Test Migration with LLMs

Airbnb recently completed a large-scale, LLM-driven code migration of nearly 3.5K React component test files from Enzyme to React Testing Library in just 6 weeks, instead of 1.5 years estimated for manual migration.
The shift from Enzyme to RTL was necessitated by Enzyme's outdated design and misalignment with modern React testing practices.
Airbnb's automated migration approach involved using large language models (LLMs) to refactor and validate test files in a step-by-step process.
Retry loops and dynamic prompting were employed to improve migration success rates, with files reattempted multiple times until validation errors were resolved.
Rich contextual prompts, including source code, related tests, and project-specific examples, enhanced the LLM's understanding of complex test files.
Systematic improvement strategies, like stamping files with migration status and targeted re-runs based on failure points, helped address remaining issues in the migration.
The automation pipeline successfully migrated 75% of target files in 4 hours, with further refinement pushing the completion rate to 97% over four days.
For the remaining 3% of files, manual intervention based on automation outputs facilitated swift completion of the migration.
The use of LLMs for large-scale code transformation proved more efficient and cost-effective compared to manual migration estimates.
Airbnb plans to further leverage LLM-powered automation for code transformations and enhance developer productivity.

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Fyfluiddynamics

200

Ultra-Soft Solids Flow By Turning Inside Out

An ultra-soft gel has been shown to flow through a ring-shaped annular pipe.
The gel, despite its elasticity, forms furrows along its leading edge as it flows.
The gel flows by turning itself inside out, relieving internal stress through furrowing.
This research provides insights into the unusual flow properties of ultra-soft solids.

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Physicsworld

387

Image Credit: Physicsworld

Earth’s core could contain lots of primordial helium, experiments suggest

Scientists in Japan and Taiwan have conducted experiments indicating that Earth's core may contain a significant amount of primordial helium-3, challenging previous understanding of the planet's interior.
Under extreme pressures, helium can form stable compounds with other elements, such as iron. Previous assumptions assumed that any primordial helium-3 would have diffused through Earth's interior and escaped into the atmosphere and space.
Clues from volcanic rocks with high helium-3 to helium-4 ratios suggest the possibility of helium compounds existing in Earth's mantle. The researchers conducted experiments with iron and helium and found that stable molecular lattices of iron and helium can be formed under high pressures.
Further studies are needed to confirm the presence of helium in Earth's core and improve understanding of the planet's interior composition.

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Medium

414

The Only Fundamental Truth: Why Everything Emerges from

The fundamental truth is that 0^0 = 1, which is the basis for all structure in the universe.
The concept of 'nothing' being indistinguishable from 'something' establishes 1 as full potentiality.
The universe is seen as a self-balancing equation with both observable and hidden counterparts.
The implications include the relationship between the fine-structure constant, mass, charge, and gravity, along with the unfolding of the universe over time.

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Arstechnica

379

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D-Wave quantum annealers solve problems classical algorithms struggle with

D-Wave, a company that makes quantum annealers, has demonstrated their hardware's ability to efficiently track the behavior of a quantum system called an Ising model.
This puts the quantum annealers ahead of the current state-of-the-art classical algorithms in terms of optimization problem solving.
The team behind the work hopes that their results will inspire new numerical techniques for quantum simulation.
The potential of quantum computers still needs to mature, but this development shows promise in their ability to solve problems that classical algorithms struggle with.

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Arstechnica

213

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Study: Hand clapping is akin to a Helmholtz resonator

Hand clapping acts like a Helmholtz resonator.
A study provides experimental support for the hypothesis.
Engineers recruited 24 students to clap their hands in different venues.
Various hand configurations were tested.

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Physicsworld

248

Image Credit: Physicsworld

US science rues ongoing demotion of research under President Trump

US science is facing budget cuts and staff reductions in various government agencies under President Trump's administration, impacting programmes related to climate change and diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI).
Elon Musk's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) fired over 300 employees at the National Nuclear Safety Administration before rescinding most of the sackings due to national security concerns.
The NSF and CDC employees who were laid off have been reinstated, but the NSF is still reducing its workforce and research programmes, affecting initiatives like Research Experiences for Undergraduates.
NASA is closing offices and reducing workforce, including cutting its science budget significantly, while the NOAA layoffs could impact weather forecasting and public safety during extreme weather events.
The Trump administration's policies extend to climate science, with budget cuts at EPA, removal of climate change data from USDA website, and disruption of planning meetings on climate change.
NIH is canceling grants related to DEI and transgender issues, facing direct and indirect funding cuts, while universities are navigating policies impacting international students and research funding.
The US scientific community is pushing back through legal challenges, advocacy efforts, and rallies, warning of the potential threat to American science caused by the current administration's actions.
A coalition of leaders, Vision for American Science and Technology, emphasizes the need for increased investment in science to maintain US competitiveness in the global arena of science and technology.
The National Academy of Sciences president, Marcia McNutt, stresses the importance of stable federal funding for research to drive innovation and technological advancements that benefit various sectors, including AI and materials science.

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COSMOS

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Image Credit: COSMOS

The water droplets on your car window are building electrical charge

Water droplets on car windows are found to build up an electrical charge, which is 10 times greater than previously thought.
The charge is generated when water droplets first contact a surface and it remains in the droplet as it moves across the surface.
Understanding the 'stick-slip' system of charge build-up could improve surface design and the safety of energy-holding systems.
The research team will conduct further testing on other liquids and surfaces to explore the implications of droplet charge build-up.

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Physicsworld

Image Credit: Physicsworld

Joint APS meeting brings together the physics community

The American Physical Society (APS) is combining its March Meeting and April Meeting into a joint event known as the APS Global Physics Summit for 2025 in Anaheim, California.
The Global Physics Summit brings together 14,000 attendees across all disciplines of physics, fostering interdisciplinary collaborations and networking.
The event includes cross-disciplinary sessions, collaborative events, and a dedicated Quantum Festival celebrating the 2025 International Year of Quantum Science and Technology.
The meeting hosts sessions at the Anaheim Convention Center, Anaheim Marriott, and Hilton Anaheim for various physics disciplines and networking activities.
Mad City Labs showcases precision motion instruments like nanopositioning systems and AFMs at the exhibition, offering solutions for diverse applications.
Mad City Labs' product portfolio includes AFM instruments, micropositioning systems, and the MMP-UHV50 micropositioning system constructed for UHV environments.
HÜBNER Photonics introduces new laser products targeting quantum research, Raman spectroscopy, and life sciences applications at the event.
The Ampheia Series lasers by HÜBNER Photonics offer ultralow-noise output, while the Cobolt Qu-T Series addresses atom cooling and the Cobolt Disco is designed for Raman spectroscopy.
For life sciences, HÜBNER Photonics offers modulated lasers on the Cobolt 06-01 Series and the multi-line laser Cobolt Skyra, as well as the new UV wavelength laser Cobolt Kizomba for flow cytometry.
The APS Global Physics Summit provides a platform for innovative products and networking opportunities within the physics community.

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Physicsworld

270

Image Credit: Physicsworld

Lost in the mirror: as AI development gathers momentum, will it reflect humanity’s best or worst attributes?

Artificial intelligence (AI) development raises questions about its impact on human identity and behavior, as technology reflects our intelligence and values but lacks creativity and innovation.
Shannon Vallor's book, 'The AI Mirror,' delves into the ethical implications of AI, arguing that it risks perpetuating biases and hindering progress if not used thoughtfully.
Vallor likens AI to a mirror that mirrors human intelligence based on past data, emphasizing the importance of understanding its limitations and implications.
The book explores the history of AI development and the evolving relationship between humanity and technology, touching on ethical considerations and societal impacts.
Vallor underlines the importance of transparency, accountability, and prioritizing human virtues like creativity and empathy in AI design and use.
While Vallor advocates for leveraging AI to advance science communication, critics raise concerns about the technology's inability to connect on a human level and potential to deepen distrust.
The AI Mirror urges readers to actively shape AI's impact on society, fostering ethical engagement and resisting the allure of efficiency at the cost of human values.
Vallor's call to action emphasizes the need to steer AI towards amplifying humanity's virtues rather than its drawbacks, envisioning a future where technology serves our collective well-being.
By understanding AI as a cultural force that demands conscious direction, Vallor prompts reflection on the kind of society we want to build through technology.
The book offers a thought-provoking exploration of the intersection of AI, ethics, and humanity, challenging readers to consider the role of technology in shaping a virtuous future.
Vallor's vision encourages active participation in shaping AI's trajectory to ensure it reflects and enhances humanity's best qualities, rather than reinforcing negative aspects.

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Physicsworld

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NASA launches $488m megaphone-shaped SPHEREx observatory to map the universe

NASA has launched a $488m infra-red mission to map the distribution of galaxies and study cosmic inflation.
The Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization and Ices Explorer (SPHEREx) mission will collect data from 450 million galaxies and create a 3D map of the cosmos.
It will study cosmic inflation, search for hidden reservoirs of water and carbon dioxide, and study the cosmic glow of light from the space between galaxies.
NASA also launched another mission called Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere (PUNCH), which will make 3D observations of the Sun's corona.

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