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Arstechnica

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Latest James Webb data hints at new physics in Universe’s expansion

New observational data from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) confirms prior measurements of distances between nearby stars and galaxies made by the Hubble Space Telescope.
The discrepancy between observation and our current theoretical model of the Universe is more likely to be due to new physics.
The Hubble Constant, a measure of the Universe's expansion, has different values obtained from various measurement methods.
For instance, distant supernovae tracking produced a value of 73 km/s Mpc, while the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) measurements using the Planck satellite produced a value of 67 km/s Mpc.

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Popsci

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‘Funny dark matter:’ Something is wrong about our theory of the expanding universe

Our theoretical understanding of the universe predicted a rate of expansion that’s about 8% slower than what we calculated from our actual observations, known as the Hubble tension.
A new paper published December 9 validates our existing observations by cross-checking the Hubble Space Telescope data with new observations from the James Webb Space Telescope, and finding that the two agree almost perfectly.
The universe's rate of expansion varies with distance—the further away an object is, the faster it’s moving away from us.
The rate at which the universe is expanding is expressed as a value called the Hubble Constant, generally abbreviated as “H0”.
Our best theoretical model for the universe, the Lambda/Cold Dark Matter model (“ΛCDM”), predicts a value for H0 of 67–68 km/s/Mpc.
The first step is being able to calculate how far away from us distant objects are.
Once we know how far away an object is, the second piece of information we need is how quickly it’s moving away from us.
Most of our information on distant objects comes from the Hubble Space Telescope, and James Webb Space Telescope provides a chance to cross-check the data.
The JWST results correlate almost perfectly with existing data, providing more strong evidence that it’s not the accuracy of our measurements that’s the problem.
The cosmological constant expresses the intrinsic energy of space itself—the mysterious “dark energy” that current estimates suggest makes up around 68% of the energy in the universe.

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Physicsworld

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The Nobel prizes highlight what is wrong with recognition in science

The 2024 Nobel prizes in physics and chemistry were awarded, for the first time, to scientists who worked with artificial intelligence (AI).
The chemistry prize was shared by computer scientists Demis Hassabis and John Jumper who have developed AlphaFold2, which revolutionized the protein structure prediction field with AI.
Computer scientist Geoffrey Hinton alongside physicist John Hopfield won the physics Nobel prize. Hinton is a pioneer of machine learning while Hopfield developed Boltzmann machines and Hopfield networks.
The science community had mixed reactions about the selection of Nobel winners. One of the well-worn issues debated was the collaboration criteria for the prize, which allows only three scientists to share one prize.
The demographics of this year’s science Nobel winners were controversial as all seven were white men born or living in the UK, the US, or Canada.
The Nobel prizes highlight that the scientific system is biased towards rich countries. Scientists from poorer countries are at a disadvantage due to lack of resources and opportunities. Non-white people in western countries have historically been oppressed and excluded from or discouraged from science.
Another issue that the Nobel prizes highlight is the under-representation of women and Black scientists. Men are more likely to get grants, and they are awarded almost double the amount that women receive, even though half of the global population are women.
The science community should work harder to reach out to young people, particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds when reshaping the structure to achieve a more equitable system.
The use of AI in science will continue to increase and evolve, and Nobel prizes could evolve with the interdisciplinary times.
The scientific community needs to undertake an effort to create equal opportunities for all regardless of background, and it would benefit science and society as a whole.

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Guardian

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The most dangerous delivery truck? How a lorry-load of antimatter will help solve secrets of universe

Researchers are planning to transport a container of antimatter in a lorry across Europe.
Antimatter is the most expensive material on Earth and can only be manufactured in particle physics laboratories like Cern.
Moving antimatter is extremely difficult due to its explosive nature when it comes in contact with normal matter.
Scientists aim to study the differences between matter and antimatter to understand why matter has dominated the universe.

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Knowridge

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Scientists unlock the secrets of superconductivity in iron-based materials

Scientists from the University of California, Irvine (UCI) have made a breakthrough in understanding the mechanism of superconductivity in iron-based materials.
By studying the atomic vibrations in iron selenide layered on a strontium titanate substrate, the researchers discovered that phonons at the interface between the layers play a crucial role in enhancing superconductivity.
The interaction between oxygen atoms in the substrate and electrons in the iron selenide layer, known as electron-phonon coupling, allows FeSe to transition to a superconducting state at higher temperatures than usual.
This discovery opens up possibilities for practical applications of superconductors in quantum computing, transportation, and medical equipment.

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Physicsworld

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Ask me anything: Dave Smith – ‘I don’t spend time on regrets’

Being sociable and making judgments are skills used daily in the job.
Collaboration and working together are vital in a large and complex organization.
Managing multiple topics, teams, and reprioritizing effectively are core skills.
The national technology adviser enjoys the ability to work across all government departments and values diversity in teams.

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Medium

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Do algebra with bits

In the digital world, everything is done with bits, using operations like AND, OR, and negation.
Boolean algebra is not only important for computers, but also for basic logic.
In Boolean algebra, true is represented as 1 and false as 0.
It allows for logical operations and is essential in digital systems.

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Physicsworld

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How the UK Metamaterials Network supports scientific and commercial innovation

The UK Metamaterials Network supports scientific and commercial innovation.
The network brings together academia, industry, and governmental agencies for metamaterial R&D.
Metamaterials are 3D structures with unique collective effects not achievable conventionally.
Exciting applications include soundproof materials and lenses for mobile phones.

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Fyfluiddynamics

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Growing Flexible Stalactites

Researchers have developed a phenomenon called "flexicles" which are grown from a dripping elastomer liquid.
Flexicles start from a thin layer of elastomer liquid that solidifies over time.
The process involves spreading elastomer on an upside-down surface and allowing gravity to create a pebbled surface.
Flexicles have potential applications in soft robotics.

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Physicsworld

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Laser-based headset assesses stroke risk using the brain’s blood flow

A team of scientists in America have created a non-invasive headset to track changes in blood flow and assess a patient's stroke risk.
The device could detect early signs of a stroke.
The most common cause of stroke is a blood clot blocking an artery to the brain.
Physicians use a questionnaire to estimate a patient's risk of a stroke, although these methods have limitations.
The need remains for tools that can proactively monitor and quantify stroke risk before an event occurs.
In a new study, a headset device was developed to monitor changes in the brain's blood flow and volume while a patient holds their breath.
The device is portable and cost-effective and measures changes in blood volume by reflecting infrared light through the skull and brain.
The researchers tested the device on 50 patients, dividing them into low- and high-risk groups based on their stroke-risk calculator.
The team plans to expand the studies to a broader population.
The researchers believe their technology could also be applied to other neurological diseases.

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Popsci

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Albert Einstein’s love letters are headed to auction

Christie’s upcoming auction on December 11th will feature 169 rare books and manuscripts including Albert Einstein’s love letters.
The collection comprises 43 individual correspondences between Einstein and his first wife, Mileva Marić, dating from 1898 to 1903.
The letters provide insights into Einstein's early life, including his thoughts on the Special Theory of Relativity and mentions of his daughter Lieserl, who likely died in infancy.
Marić, an accomplished mathematician and physicist, is believed to have contributed to Einstein's early work, and the auction also includes first editions of his annus mirabilis papers.

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Physicsworld

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International Year of Quantum Science and Technology 2025: here’s all you need to know

The International Year of Quantum Science and Technology (IYQ) is a worldwide celebration to increase the public awareness of quantum science and its applications. It has ambitious aims of supporting industry, improving our health, and reducing inequalities. The IYQ has six founding partners, including the Institute of Physics, and has been endorsed by the United Nations.
Quantum science is booming, with significant advancements in basic research and applications such as quantum computing, cryptography, communication, and sensors. Numerous tech firms, including giants like IBM, Google and Microsoft as well as start-ups, are getting into the quantum industry.
Annually, there will be special episodes of the Physics World podcasts and Physics World Live highlighting quantum science and its applications. The upcoming edition of Physics World Careers has a quantum theme. Quantum Science and Technology will have a series of perspectives articles and will also publish roadmaps in quantum computing, sensing, communication, and simulation.
The IOP has numerous quantum-themed public events lined up including the QuAMP conference in September. They are building towards a week of celebrations in November and December. A series of community events will include a public celebration at the Royal Institution featuring physicist and broadcaster Jim Al-Khalili.
Beyond basic research labs, numerous businesses are applying quantum science into practical applications such as Oxford Ionics, which is developing quantum computers based on trapped ion qubits. The German Physical Society, the Chinese Optical Society, Optica, SPIE, and the American Physical Society are some of the other organizations hosting events to help support the global celebration.
Helgoland, the tiny island off the coast of Germany, will hold a week-long workshop on quantum physics from 9-14 June 2025. Many of the leading quantum physicists including five Nobel-prize winners will attend the conference to commemorate the initial development of quantum mechanics.
The celebration has been spread globally and is led by Ghana and Mexico, which will help in benefiting quantum science across the planet.

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Interactions

CLOUD experiment resolves puzzle of new aerosol particles in upper troposphere

CERN's CLOUD collaboration has identified a new source of atmospheric aerosol particles that could improve climate models.
The CLOUD project uses an ultra-clean chamber and advanced instruments to study the formation and growth of aerosols.
These microscopic particles, suspended in the atmosphere, are important in seeding and influencing clouds.
Scientists have struggled to identify the vapours responsible for aerosols in the remote upper atmosphere.
The new source, isoprene emitted by rainforest, which becomes highly condensable vapours, could help refine climate models.
Isoprene has been considered negligible in forming new particles, and its impact on climate sensitivity is yet to be quantified.
The CLOUD experiment has identified several mechanisms by which aerosol particles form and grow in different regions of Earth’s atmosphere.
The findings could impact climate sensitivity predictions.
The new CLOUD research highlights the power of accelerator-based science to address societal challenges.
The CERN project is studying the fundamental structure of the universe by making particles collide at close to the speed of light.

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Fyfluiddynamics

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Predicting Droplet Sizes

Squeeze a bottle of cleaning spray, and the nozzle transforms a liquid jet into a spray of droplets.
The size distribution of these droplets is difficult to predict due to the details of the breakup process.
Researchers have discovered that the final droplet sizes depend on the balance between airflow and surface tension.
This balance determines the breakup process, whether it's rim first, bag first, or due to a collision.

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Knowridge

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Could tiny black holes be hiding in planets or even everyday objects?

Scientists propose that primordial black holes (PBHs) may leave detectable signatures in planets or everyday materials like rocks and metal.
One possibility is that a PBH trapped inside a planet, moon, or asteroid could consume the liquid core, leaving a hollow shell. These hollow objects could be detected by telescopes by measuring their mass and density.
Another possibility is that PBHs traveling through solid material could leave behind microscopic tunnels about 0.1 microns thick. Very old materials like ancient rocks or centuries-old metal structures could be examined for these tunnels.
While the chances of finding these signatures are extremely small, discovering primordial black holes would be groundbreaking and could help solve mysteries in physics, including the nature of dark matter.

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