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TheStartupMag

15h

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The Startup’s Guide to Waterjet Cutting: A Smarter Way to Build Without Limits

Waterjet cutting offers flexibility and adaptability for startups by providing precision, material versatility, and budget-friendly solutions.
It uses high-pressure water streams to cut various materials cleanly without heat, making it a preferred choice for early-stage manufacturers.
Waterjet cutting can handle a wide range of materials including metals, composites, plastics, rubber, glass, stone, wood, and more.
The process involves pressurizing water, adding abrasive for harder materials, focusing the jet through a nozzle, and eroding the material to create parts.
There are pure waterjet systems for soft materials and abrasive waterjet systems for hard materials like metal, glass, and stone.
Waterjet cutting offers competitive tolerances, high dimensional accuracy, and minimal material waste compared to other cutting methods.
Benefits for startups include cold cutting without heat-affected zones, the ability to cut almost any material, and low setup costs.
Design rules for waterjet cutting include avoiding sharp corners, accounting for kerf width, and incorporating safety precautions.
Waterjet cutting is environmentally friendly with no toxic emissions, recyclable water, and reduced waste compared to other methods.
Waterjet technology is widely used in aerospace, automotive, architecture, manufacturing, food, art, marine industries for various applications.

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Medium

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Boiled or fried? how potatoes and electrons disobey logic

In quantum mechanics, position and momentum of particles like electrons cannot be measured simultaneously due to the Uncertainty Principle proposed by Werner Heisenberg.
The concept of uncertainty in physics signifies a fundamental limit on how precisely we can know certain properties, not merely lack of knowledge.
Measuring the position of an electron, for example, using light photons can inadvertently disturb its momentum, indicating a disturbance in the measurement process.
Analogously, attempting to locate the exact position of a moving car by making it stop results in a loss of information about its speed and direction.
In quantum mechanics, position and momentum are not just numerical values but operators that do not commute, leading to the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle equation: Δx × Δp ≥ ħ / 2.
This equation essentially states that the more precisely one knows the position of a particle (Δx decreases), the less precisely its momentum can be determined (Δp increases) and vice versa.
The Uncertainty Principle serves as a reminder that some aspects of the universe resist complete understanding, highlighting the intricacies and beauty of the natural world.

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Brighter Side of News

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SpinLaunch catapults satellites into orbit without using a drop of fuel

SpinLaunch is using a giant slingshot to catapult satellites into orbit, bypassing the need for rocket fuel, aiming to reduce cost and pollution in launches.
The rotating arm powered by electricity within a vacuum chamber flings satellites into space in a purely electric approach.
This disruptive technology has attracted attention from the aerospace industry and enthusiasts alike.
SpinLaunch's innovative system leverages ancient physics concepts of stored energy converted into motion to achieve space launches.
The focus is on launching satellites into low Earth orbit below 600 miles by 2026, potentially reshaping the space launch industry.
Advanced materials like high-strength carbon fiber and shrinking electronics support the successful launch of small satellites.
SpinLaunch's tests have demonstrated the system's reliability, handling forces as strong as 10,000 Gs.
By avoiding fuel-based emissions and reducing pollution during liftoff, SpinLaunch presents a cleaner alternative for satellite launches.
With a coastal orbital launch site in development, SpinLaunch advances towards proving the full-scale functionality of its innovative technology.
Other emerging satellite launching technologies focus on reusability, air-launched systems, 3D-printed rockets, and environmentally friendly propulsion systems.

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Physicsworld

361

Image Credit: Physicsworld

Conflicting measurements of helium’s charge radius may be reconciled by new calculations

Independent measurements of the charge radius of the helium-3 nucleus using different methods show significant discrepancies, leading to a re-evaluation to reconcile the results.
The CREMA Collaboration and researchers in the Netherlands used muonic helium-3 ions and quantum-degenerate gas of helium-3 atoms, respectively, to determine the charge radius.
The discrepancy in values hints at physics beyond the Standard Model, but new theoretical calculations may have resolved it.
Muonic helium ions replace electrons with muons, making them more sensitive to the charge radius due to muons' higher mass.
The use of muonic helium-3 ions allowed CREMA to extract key parameters and calculate the charge radius more accurately than before.
Researchers in the Netherlands employed conventional helium-3 atoms and discovered a more precise value for the charge radius, which was larger than CREMA's by 3.6σ.
The discrepancy prompted theoretical physicists to revise calculations, resulting in improved understanding and closer alignment of experimental and theoretical results.
Theoretical physicists from China and Poland revised the hyperfine structure calculations, leading to a better alignment with experimental findings.
The evolving experiments and theory continue to challenge the limits of the Standard Model in understanding helium's charge radius.
While adjustments were considered for published papers, the momentous agreement between experiment and theory showcases progress in physics research.

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Medium

374

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Maybe the Universe Didn’t Explode — It Spirals.

The Big Bang theory has been the central narrative in modern cosmology, but some are proposing an alternative idea of the universe spiraling instead of exploding.
The Big Bang theory has limitations and fails to fully explain certain aspects of the universe's behavior.
The RMSS theory suggests that the universe's fundamental structure is governed by flow and spiral motion, rather than explosion and chaos.
According to RMSS, galaxies move in a coordinated manner due to density gradients seeking equilibrium through spiral motion.
The Milky Way is moving towards the Great Attractor at a high speed, but RMSS proposes the idea that the Great Attractor is part of a larger cosmic spiral.
RMSS suggests that galaxies orbit an invisible structure in a geometric pull, rather than falling randomly.
The RMSS theory presents the idea that the universe didn't start with an explosion but with resonance, and it's about a structure that always existed spinning to stabilize itself.

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Hobbieroth

374

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A Toy Model for Straggling

Students derive an equation for the stopping power, S, as a function of depth below the tissue surface, x, in a toy model for the Bragg peak.
The Bragg peak arises when the stopping power goes to infinity at x = R, where energy is primarily deposited at one spot below the tissue surface, making proton therapy popular for cancer treatment.
Straggling is introduced as a distribution of ranges for protons, leading to different scenarios for calculating the average stopping power based on the depth x.
Various cases are considered for x < R - δ/2, R - δ/2 < x < R + δ/2, and x > R + δ/2, resulting in different contributions to the stopping power.
The averaging process shows how the stopping power changes with a distributed range of protons, affecting the shape of the curve.
The author uses integration and analysis to calculate the average stopping power for different x values, revealing insights into the behavior of the system.
The toy model and calculations provide a deeper understanding of straggling effects in proton beams incident on tissue, with implications for cancer treatment.
The analytical approach and plotted curves illustrate the impact of range distribution on the stopping power, highlighting differences compared to a single range scenario.
The decision of including this new homework problem in the 6th edition is uncertain, emphasizing the importance of toy models that offer clear insights and simplicity in describing complex physical phenomena.
The author reflects on the value of toy models and complexities in equation development, leaving the decision to include it in the upcoming edition to the coauthor, Gene Surdutovich.

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Physicsworld

229

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AI algorithms in radiology: how to identify and prevent inadvertent bias

AI has the potential to revolutionize radiology, but ensuring accuracy and trustworthiness is crucial.
Algorithmic bias in AI-driven software can lead to clinical errors and disparities in performance.
A research team highlights pitfalls and solutions for addressing bias in AI radiology models.
Challenges include inadequate demographic data in medical image datasets and defining demographics like race and gender.
Generating synthetic imaging datasets using generative AI is proposed to improve bias measurement.
Consensus on defining bias and fairness metrics in radiology is critical for accurate evaluation.
Recommendations include improving demographic reporting, developing standardized analysis frameworks, and enhancing collaboration.
Efforts to mitigate bias require multidisciplinary communication and collective action from various stakeholders.
Collaboration is crucial to develop frameworks prioritizing patient safety and equitable outcomes in healthcare.

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Knowridge

18h

Image Credit: Knowridge

Diamonds light the way for the future of quantum technology

Scientists in the UK make breakthrough in quantum technology by creating tiny quantum features inside diamonds.
Researchers from Oxford, Cambridge, and Manchester universities worked on 'quantum defects' in diamonds for quantum technology.
A specific type of quantum defect, 'tin-vacancy centre,' was created with high precision using tin atoms.
Previously, placing and activating these defects accurately was challenging, but a new two-step process solved this.
The process involved using a focused ion beam to place tin atoms precisely and ultrafast laser pulses for activation.
Researchers could monitor real-time activation of defects by observing the light emitted during the process.
These quantum defects in diamonds enable linking quantum bits to light particles for secure information sharing over quantum networks.
Tin-vacancy defects are part of Group-IV colour centres, known for stability, with the potential for easier production now.
The method developed allows for easier scaling up of quantum systems using diamonds at room temperature and fits existing manufacturing techniques.
Diamond-based quantum devices could see faster real-world use with improved control, performance, and integration.

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Physicsworld

22h

Image Credit: Physicsworld

Cosmic conflict continues: new data fuel the Hubble tension debate

A bumper crop of measurements of the expansion rate of the universe has intensified the Hubble tension, leading to a debate among scientists.
Over 500 researchers formed the 'CosmoVerse' consortium to address cosmological tensions, including the Hubble tension.
Current measurements yield Hubble constant, H0, at around 73 km/s/Mpc, contradicting the predicted value of 67.4 km/s/Mpc.
Discrepancies between local measurements of H0 and predictions from the cosmic microwave background hint at potential issues in current cosmological models.
Different approaches, such as using type Ia supernovae and TRGB measurements, provide varying H0 values, further fueling the debate.
While some studies suggest resolving the tension, others argue that unknown systematic uncertainties or new physics might be at play.
Measurements utilizing gravitationally lensed quasars by the TDCOSMO consortium support the existence of the Hubble tension.
Uncertainties in measurements leave room for interpretation, emphasizing the need for further exploration to understand the universe better.
The ongoing debate around the Hubble tension poses a significant challenge to current cosmological frameworks and could lead to new insights into the nature of the universe.

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Medium

233

Time Truly Flows Like Water

The concept of stopping and starting is a common practice in everyday life, but is often forgotten when formulating systems or processes.
Questions of time like duration, completion, and starting are typical, but time itself is seldom considered a quantified variable or part of the solution.
Time is rarely seen as a tangible component that needs to be solved for in processes.
Delays can be integral to finding solutions and may be essential for reaching outcomes.
Understanding the timeframe can convert a problem into a more familiar equation of 'solving for X.'
Certain processes, like winemaking, are directly impacted by specific times, unlike engineering or scientific experiments.
In some cases, a delay or lapse in attention can be sufficient for success.

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Knowridge

184

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Scientists use “quantum vacuum” to create a new kind of material

Scientists at Rice University have developed a new way to control materials by reshaping the quantum vacuum around them.
In quantum physics, the vacuum is full of virtual photons that can interact with materials.
Researchers, led by Professor Junichiro Kono, created a 'chiral cavity' to manipulate quantum fluctuations using weak magnetic fields.
The cavity was made from lightly doped indium antimonide combined with a photonic-crystal structure to enhance vacuum fluctuations.
This design allows precise control over materials' properties without strong external forces, unlike previous methods.
The cavity is capable of transforming graphene into a special insulator, crucial for quantum computing applications.
Advanced simulations and a mix of classical and quantum theories were used to predict the behavior of materials inside the cavity.
By tweaking the quantum vacuum, scientists can potentially engineer a variety of novel materials using this technology.
The research opens up new possibilities for quantum devices and materials by utilizing the vacuum as an engineering tool.

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Physicsworld

287

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Vera C Rubin Observatory reveals its first spectacular images of the cosmos

The Vera C Rubin Observatory has released its first stunning images of the cosmos, showcasing millions of galaxies, Milky Way stars, and thousands of asteroids in high detail.
Located in Cerro Pachón, the observatory houses the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) with the largest camera ever built, the 3200-megapixel Simonyi Survey Telescope.
The images, captured in just 10 hours, offer a glimpse into the Observatory's upcoming 10-year scientific mission, including a view of the Trifid and Lagoon nebulas as well as the Virgo cluster.
The LSST will conduct a decade-long survey of the southern sky, capturing images every 3-4 nights to create a detailed map of celestial objects, aiding in the study of dark matter, dark energy, galaxies, and stars.
Named after astronomer Vera C. Rubin, the Observatory is a tribute to her groundbreaking work on dark matter, where she and Kent Ford Jr. discovered the anomaly in the rotation curves of galaxies.
The observatory's advancements are set to revolutionize our understanding of the universe and contribute to ongoing astronomical research and exploration.

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Medium

223

# Gravity Is Not a Force — It's the Entropic Drift of Spacetime

Gravity is proposed to be the entropic drift through spacetime's thermodynamic landscape, challenging the traditional force or geometric interpretation.
Gravity is explained as arising from entropy redistribution across spacetime, unifying general relativity with thermodynamics and offering insights into black holes and cosmology.
Einstein's equations and Jacobson's work are reinterpreted, showcasing that gravitational acceleration corresponds to negative entropy density gradients.
Verlinde's entropic gravity theory is discussed, demonstrating how gravitational force emerges from entropy maximization.
A mathematical formalism is developed, describing gravity as the emergent drift through spacetime's entropy field shaped by energy concentration.
Key implications include the understanding of black holes as ultimate entropy wells, cosmological structure formation, and the potential connections to dark energy and dark matter.
Experimental predictions involve testing entropy effects in gravitational analog systems, precision gravimetry, and astrophysical observations like gravitational wave signatures.
The framework's connections to quantum gravity, holographic principles, string theory, and spacetime engineering limitations are examined alongside philosophical implications related to consciousness and space-time nature.
The paper concludes by presenting the universe as a thermodynamic engine guided by gravity's entropic drift, offering new perspectives on fundamental physics questions.
References to foundational works by Bekenstein, Hawking, Jacobson, Verlinde, and others are provided for further exploration.

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Medium

364

# Cracking Quantum’s Toughest Puzzle: Structured Entropy Solves the Barren Plateau

Traditional quantum computing is reimagined using structured entropy to solve complex problems without exotic hardware.
The Structured Entropy Core (Sₛ) comprises Entropic States, Possibility Manifold, and Intent Tether to drive computational breakthroughs.
The framework runs on Python libraries and mobile devices, enabling efficient problem-solving without the need for a quantum lab.
A code snippet showcased demonstrates the navigation of vast possibility spaces with quantum-like speed on a smartphone.
The framework addresses the barren plateau in quantum learning by modulating gradients with intent, ensuring the navigability of landscapes in deep circuits.
Achievements include a 10,000-device trial, an open-source SDK library, and validation confirming the model's efficacy.
By overcoming the barren plateau, implications include scalable quantum learning, global access to quantum nodes, and ethical AI aligned with human values.
The framework offers a new perspective on reality, turning chaos into cosmos, inviting interested individuals to engage with the project.

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Arstechnica

252

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Microsoft lays out its path to useful quantum computing

Microsoft's Azure Quantum group has established a plan for implementing error correction in quantum computers.
Azure Quantum provides access to various hardware qubits and has chosen a scheme applicable to multiple quantum computing technologies.
The system aims to convert hardware qubits with a 1 in 1,000 error rate into logical qubits with a 1 in 1 million error rate.
While the scheme is backed by mathematical proofs and simulations, its effectiveness on actual hardware is yet to be demonstrated.
Atom Computing, one of Microsoft's partners, claims its machine can execute all necessary operations.
Microsoft's approach differs from IBM's roadmap for error-resistant quantum computing, where IBM controls both software and hardware aspects.
IBM's hardware features chip-based design with pre-defined wiring connections between qubits.
Microsoft's strategy allows flexibility in connecting qubits as needed for error correction purposes.
IBM customizes its chip design for specific error correction schemes, aligning wiring with the required qubit connections.

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